Chattanooga Ice Cream Case Essay

ABSTRACT In this paper I will do an analysis on what I think cause the downfall of Chattanooga Ice Cream. I will also give and observation of the Chattanooga Ice Cream Division and how lack of respect and communication caused them to lose one of their biggest clients. I assay Charlie Moore’s leadership style. I will see how things could have been handled differently, if they would have applied teamwork and good leadership to the equation. INTRODUCTION Chattanooga Ice Cream, Inc. was a division of Chattanooga Food Corporation, which was founded in 1936. The Ice Cream Division of Chattanooga Foods was one of the largest regional ice cream manufacturers in the United States, (Sloane, The Chattanooga Ice Cream Division, HBR, p.2). Following the loss of Stay & Shop one of their largest customer, Charlie Moore the division’s president and general manager, and his executive management had several  meetings to discuss the future of the division and their product. Moore was responsible for the outcome of the company’s future, and dealing with the conflicting attitudes and opinions of the members of his team. It was his responsibility to make sure everyone was on the same page to get the company back up and running properly. CHARLIE MOORE AS A LEADER If I had to give detail as to what type of leader Charlie Moore was on the DiSC he would be a S & C leader. He preferred an orderly environment. He believed in collaborating to get things accomplished. The Downfall of Chattanooga Ice Cream 4 He strived to make progress in the company. He wanted to help the company meet its goals with getting its products back on the market and being competitive. He also wanted to have the team make steady and careful progress toward meeting the goals for the company. Moore values group’s efforts. He is not an aggressive leader and tends to avoid competitive environments and conflict. â€Å"Disdaining such behavior, Moore feigned a deaf ear to it, hoping his subordinates would get the signal and cease complaining about each other.†,(Sloane,2003, p.2). These are all good qualities to have in a leader, but I think it also led to his failure as a leader. When Moore took over the division he came with a history of leading openly, preferring to operate in an environment of group decision making. He assumed that everyone would be able to come together in agreement as to what direction the company should go in. His judgment proved detrimental to the team. As the management team was incapable of coming to a compromise, because they had no respect for their teammates. Their action physically and verbally showed a lack of trust for one another. Everyone was pointing the finger, and no one person saw fault in their part of the company’s downfall. Moore never developed an environment of trust among his team members. Moore did not prepare the team for the change that was to come. He needed to â€Å"prepare organizations for change and help them cope as they struggle through it† Week 2, Lecture -What Great Leaders Do. Instead of showing â€Å"positive energy† (Welch, 2005, p.84) he called the team together to â€Å"mourn† (Sloane, 2003, p.1). So he had already set a negative atmosphere for the meeting. Moore showed a lack of Candor. As a leader he should have all the questions, and those questions should create a debate among the team members, â€Å"Rule 6: Leaders probe with curiosity that borders on skepticism, making sure your questions unleash debate and raise issues that get action† (Welch,2005,p.74). Charlie should have come into those meetings with a communication strategy. That way the team would have understanding, and everyone would support a common vision. THE TEAM DYNAMIC AND DYSFUNCTION All companies have ups and downs. All companies win accounts and loose accounts. What all companies should not have are teams that bicker, point the finger at each other and don’t communicate. This type of behavior is symptomatic of an unhealthy environment, and will be detrimental to a company. That is the type of behavior that was displayed by the Chattanooga Ice Cream Division. When the Shop & Stay account was lost each of the management team members seemed to think that the blame for the loss of the account laid in every other department other than their own. They thought that, that department needed to be corrected. Rather than taking a good close look at their department, and seeing what could be improved there. There were a lot of negative energy and emotions involved in the meetings, which halted the chance for real teamwork. There were too many Chiefs and not enough Indians. Everyone was acting as managers except for the real  manager. Moore was a leader who made decisions publically. Unlike the former manager of the division who made decisions privately without the consensus of the rest of the team. THE DOWNFALL OF CHATTANOOGA ICE CREAM 7 The old leadership did not foster an environment where team work and group decisions were accommodated. They in turn did not know how to communicate with one another, and the team dynamic became one of conflict. There were no clear operating rules for the team on how decisions were going to be made. Week 4, Lecture – Building High Performance Teams suggests that â€Å"when managers agree on ground rules in advance, the teams are much more likely to run efficiently,† which Moore did not do. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CHATTANOOGA ICE CREAM DIVISION My first recommendation would be for Charlie Moore to see that is not just one of the team members. He is the Manager, their Supervisor. No goals can be obtained and no decisions can be made if he as there leader does not step up and take ownership of his role. You want bigger solutions ask questions; healthy debate, decisions, and actions will get everyone there† (Welch, 2005, p. 76). A team will only be as good as its leader. If I were the leader I would have the teams do research on the competitors. Then I would have them target other clients to take on our product to make up for the clients we lost. I would also create an environment to get the team motivated to accomplish a new goal, and have them focus their efforts on one vision. I would also strategically pair the team member’s individual weaknesses and strengths together, not only to complement each other, but to build credibility and trust among the team. As a leader I would start to build a foundation for candor, voice, and dignity going forward. By setting these rules in place the team will learn how to communicate effectively. By making  these changes this will ensure each individual has a voice, while not obstructing the process of productivity.

Brief Analsysis of Obama’s Change Campaign

After the nation endured an unsettling two terms with President George W. Bush, it’s people were left with a bitter taste, so to speak. As a nation, we yearned for new discourse and needed â€Å"change†. Change was to be the underlying foundation for the 2008 Presidential Election campaigns, which created quite a nation-wide stir as a record number of voters made it to the polls. This was the very beginning of a nation-wide political change, which is evidently more than just empty propaganda, but is evident now through current new reforms. In 2008, Barack Obama pledged to redefine our nation’s political character through an effective campaign based on the philosophy of â€Å"change we can believe in† using the slogan â€Å"yes we can†. Obama hoped for a new attitude in politics, education, health care, and foreign policy among numerous other issues. A promise to cut taxes for 95% of working American families with an annual income less than $250,000 along with significant tax breaks to companies that invest in the United States were some of the aspects of his campaign. In addition, this rally for change promised to create 2 million new jobs to renovate the country’s infrastructure and 5 million new energy jobs. Obama’s campaign emphasized withdrawing troops from Iraq to end the war, increasing energy independence (New Energy Plan for America) and decreasing the influence of lobbyists and how business is conducted on Capital Hill. This new â€Å"national political character† would work to ensure that business conducted on Capital Hill between Congress was to have the best interest of the American people in mind as opposed to personal political agendas. These plans for change created a buzz among the American people. The newly configured 112th Congress, the current meeting of our nation’s legislative branch concedes that all these issues are top national priorities as well and have been quite responsive in effective ways to address the issues with the President. Though this is the first Congress in which the House and Senate have opposing majorities since the 107th Congress (2001-2003), implementing change through these agendas seems quite viable. This is evident through the new Health Care Reform that was recently implemented and depicts and shows this political hype of â€Å"change† to be an obvious buzzword, but to also have substance and depth with Obama’s current term. With the composition of the House of Representatives favoring Republicans (242 Republicans to 193 Democrats) and the new Senate Democratic leadership (51 Democrats, 47 Republicans, and 2 Independents) one may worry that legislative actions on Capital Hill could face potential â€Å"deadlock†, especially since the House has the largest number of Republican members since the 80th Congress of 1947-1949. But having a Democratic President and a primarily Republican Congress means that compromises most likely will have to be met in order to pass bills and legislations, and effectively and efficiently implement this â€Å"change we can believe in† and show the nation, â€Å"yes we can. †

Batek Tribe of Malaysia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Batek Tribe of Malaysia - Research Paper Example The paper tells that in our life we have â€Å"a web of values, meanings, and behavior† which is deeply infused in our everyday life. This is the essence of culture and it plays an important role in our lives. In a particular habitat where human beings stay they are considered to be the â€Å"ecologically dominant component.† Humans have always appropriated nature including the living and inanimate ambience to suit their purpose. One thing has to be kept in mind that a change occurs in humans over time which is both cultural as well as biological. However humans have always adapted to the change and progressed. Human beings have always selected established and refined modes of production so that there is an existence of long term coordination and settlement in a particular area. A change in the subsistence will not only bring about changes in conditions pertaining to food production but also in the socio- cultural base of a community. Thus we can say that a change in su bsistence is closely related to cultural changes. Subsistence mode differs among tribes in different places across the world. The pattern of the mode in turn also affects different aspects of the culture. The tribe selected here is the Batek of Malaysia and their chief mode of subsistence is foraging. Foraging, or hunting and gathering are considered to be the â€Å"oldest form of human society† and here survival was based on the exploitation of â€Å"flora and fauna.† People here mostly lived in small and independent communities. Nomadic lifestyle was followed here and goods produced were meant for self consumption. In this mode there is the strengthening of people’s obligations to each other because of continuous movement of goods through â€Å"kinship ties and residential proximity.† Here one cannot find the existence of personal wealth as there is the obligation to share and due to the nomadic life. Exercising authority over others on the basis of con trol over others is absent in this form and as a result there is the existence an â€Å"egalitarian structure in foraging societies† (Nowak & Laird, 2010). In this respect the paper seeks to examine the impact of subsistence mode and culture on the Batek tribe of Malaysia. One can see that there is a deep association between subsistence mode and culture. Culture is something that is inculcated by the Batek and it is often adapted to suit the changing subsistence mode. The Batek Tribe – basic characteristics and subsistence In the modern world people in order to keep pace with the ever changing world adopt new subsistence mode and move on in life. Even tribes often forced by circumstances abandon their traditional modes and adopts the latest to keep pace with the world in the name of development. Amidst this there is still the existence of the Batek tribe who has been foragers and they had been living like this for a long time. The Batek of Malaysia living in the penins ular region still follows foraging as their subsistence mode. At present most of them lives around Taman Negara, Peninsular Malaysia’s national park. Prior to this until 1970 most of them had been residing in the lowland rain forests which was field with ample flora and fauna was very much suitable for foraging type of subsistence. It is believed that both culturally and biologically the Batek are the descendents of the earliest human population found in the Malay Peninsula known as â€Å"Hoabinhians.† The Batek society follows the pattern of a nuclear family. So we find that the married couples in this tribe are independent in their decisions to live and to choose the kind of work they desire. â€Å"Personal autonomy† is very much valued by the Batek and any form of force is not seen over here. The authority of the parents over their children is found to be week. Orthodox views in case of marriages and divorces are not observed in this society. Men and women ar e free to choose their spouses and in

Describe one of the major ideas you think was important in shaping the Essay

Describe one of the major ideas you think was important in shaping the colonies we have studied, and describe how it influenced the founding and the development of the colonies - Essay Example The colonies in question are, Massachusetts, Virginia, James town, Pennsylvania, Georgia, Connecticut, etc. After independence, these colonies developed their own systems of government. The main idea the British used in establishing these territories was the economic gain. The colonies in question are Massachusetts, Virginia and St James Park. This paper will discuss the main idea that the British used in founding and developing the above named colonies. The objective of the paper is to analyze how the idea helped the British to annex the colony and develop it. Another objective is to analyze the consequences of such ideas amongst the natives of the land. The questions this paper will try to answer are: The British colonized the Provinces of Massachusetts, Virginia and St James Park. The British settlement in Massachusetts Bay began in 1620 with the founding of the Plymouth County. The British exercised direct rule in Massachusetts with King Charles the Second introducing and enforcing economic control in the colony2. For instance the navigation acts passed by the British Government in 1660s sought to force the development of Colonies of Massachusetts and Virginia in favor to the development of England and stop colonial trade with France and other European states. The Navigation Acts were unpopular in Massachusetts and merchants found themselves disobeying the rules. The rule was also met with stiff resistance from colonial governors who refused to implement them and the activities of the crown agents were frustrated in order for this navigation policy act to be nullified. In 1686, King James the Second formed a colonial territory called the Dominion of England. This Territory was a combination of all British Colonial Territories into a one political unit. This was formed in order to enable England access more direct

Alternative Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Alternative Assignment - Essay Example It uses specific tools for implementing the process. MRE focused on the integration of the GEMS system to facilitate the planning and implementation of the strategic plans. Presently, the GEMS system provides a link between the MRE employees, clients and the management. Using the GEMS, MRE is able to monitor resource allocation and information sharing between the three entities in a way that it promotes the rest of the processes in the entire organization. However, Snowden Evans addressed certain issues that need to undergo process reengineering. According to Wilson (1990), The strategic planning process is about decision-making and therefore needs to identify the tasks, which the GEMS system is managing in MRE Company and the decision-making stages (Seddon, 2008). The objective Business analysis for the GEMS system is for improving the communication between the company and all its stakeholders. The company business analyst has to explore a wide spectrum of techniques in order to dev elop and implement the decision-based strategic plans. Techniques Selected The company identifies several techniques to apply in the business reengineering and strategic planning of MRE. One of the techniques is the six Hats model. This is a model, which uses six different colors to represent different ways of thinking, where many people think of different things at the same time. The technique uses red, black, yellow, green, blue and white hats. Each of the colors represents a unique set of thinking. In the business analyst perspective, the model of six hats represents different decision ideas generated by the members of the executive board in MRE, from which decisions are made. The next technique is the use of Interaction between humans and Computers (Meadows, 2008). This involves the application of interactive systems such as an Intelligent System or an Executive System, Expert System, or Group Decision Support System. Knowledgebase is developed in whichever the system that MRE s elects. The system analyses the decision situation and uses the knowledge stored in the knowledgebase to provide supportive information to the management. The third technique is the Business Modeling System (Checkland and Holwell, 1998). This involves system developers as well as designers. Technique 1: The Six Hat Model I. Background The model uses different colors to demonstrate the thinking of the members of the decision-making committee. It will therefore consider all the ideas from one individual as a single color. The executive board develops strategic plan by combining the colors as shown in the graphical model below: Figure 1: Six-Hat Model The letters from M1 to M6 is a typical representation of the Executive Board members. Maple Ridge engineering has different departments as represented by the rich picture in Figure 2: Figure 2: GEMS Organization Structure The model can be used to represent the GEMS structure as illustrated below: M1 - Engineering and Systems Division M2 - Project Management Department M3 - Systems and Training Division M4 - Biomedical Department and Medical Department M5 - Outsourcing Department M6 - Web Design Group II. Process The process of developing the model articulates and identifies the available data, which the organization intends to use for implementation of the decision-making channels. According to Checkland and Poulter (2006), it also eliminates any possible gaps in the information and data

1. What advantages or disadvantages will bring globalization to any Essay

1. What advantages or disadvantages will bring globalization to any small business To any large business To you as a citizen - Essay Example Globalisation in the 21st century is believed to have the ability to transform the political, economic and social environment of all member countries in the coming years. Thus, the paper tries to bring out the activities, both advantageous and disadvantageous, that result in general globalisation i.e. globalisation to both small and large businesses as well as citizens. This is the act of bringing together different people with different political, social and economic backgrounds and forming of one global community (Ghoshal and Bartlett, 2000). Behind the success of the process lies the economics of international trade, free market frameworks and investment. As earlier mentioned, globalisation encompasses integrating people from different settings, thus it bridges the gap between developing and developed nations as well as creates new cultural exchanges, business models, considerations and experiences within the participating nations (Ghoshal and Bartlett, 2000). The globalisation process began during World War II when Britain and USA leaders helped to establish the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (WB) so as to encourage a capitalist world that is liberal and eliminate the Socialism and Marxism world (Nayyar 2000). Nayyar further affirms that the borrower of the loan from these organisations automatically qualified to follow the preset conditions i.e. reduce import barriers, eliminate financial backing for local-based industries, devalue their currency, put emphasis on export production as opposed to production for local consumption and reduce wages and expenditure on social wellbeing. These conditions resulted in a number of open economies developing a mechanism for integrating with other economies which led to the formation of the World Trade Organisation. Small businesses, small and medium enterprises or simply SME’s as referred to in the European Union (EU) and by other

Assign 1) Chpt 6 & 7 Assign 2) Soci DB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assign 1) Chpt 6 & 7 Assign 2) Soci DB - Essay Example In the turn of old age or physical weakness, the spouse must be able to take hold of that responsibility of taking care of his or her partner, and it is only in that way that they can justify what long-term relationship means. Commitment has a particular role to play in long-term relationships. In an episode about marriage in the Oprah Show, there was one thing that she told her guests that really struck me. Oprah said that you will not be in love everyday in the entire course of your marriage and it takes your choice and effort to be in love. This is true about intimacy in long term relationships. This kind is not limited to heterogeneous relationships, because human emotions do not know any gender. What the heart feels is just the way it is, but the relationship existing between the couple, whatever their genders are, is universal. Long term relationships cannot stand with love alone, as love has the tendency to outgrow and consequently ending the emotion. Whereas if a long term-re lationship would rest in commitment, responsibility, acceptance, and respect, there is more chance for love to grow.

Financial Reporting Assignment - Social and Environmental Reporting Essay

Financial Reporting Assignment - Social and Environmental Reporting - Essay Example In fact the company calls itself â€Å"a leader in sustainability†, one of the most important aspects in determining an organization’s commitment to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and good social and environmental reporting. Faithful representation is defined as "correspondence or agreement between the accounting measures or descriptions in financial reports and the economic phenomena they purport to represent" (www.goliath.ecnext.com). On the other hand neutrality is defined as â€Å"the avoidance of bias in selection and presentation of information and balanced in accounts of performance† (www.plan.aau.dk). Wal-Mart has been questioned by many critics and environmental experts on its CSR policies and initiatives that include its commitment to using only the renewable energy. In fact the critics argue that there are factual errors and inadequacies in these reports published by Wal-Mart. For instance the recent SERs published by the company lack accuracy and the gaps are obviously disturbing in some instances. The degree of faithful representation in Wal-Mart’s SERs needs to be examined against the backdrop of its commitment to sustainability. The concept of environmental sustainability is associated with CSR policies and initiatives of the company. For example Wal-Mart claims to care for its 2.1 million associates, as the employees are called here, on a basis of equanimity and the extended families of these associates are entitled to the same degree of care. The problems that Wal-Mart is faced with in its SERs can be regarded as those directly related to faithful representation and neutrality in preparing those documents. Thousands of retail stores operating under many domains in many countries are naturally prone to making mistakes in gathering data and representing facts. Despite Wal-Mart’s efforts to integrate the global operations by using a single platform

Materials Development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Materials Development - Assignment Example A wool carpet manufactured using this innovative system is a completely natural and biodegradable product. At the end of its useful life the entire product can be shredded and turned into organic material, which can then be used, for example, as fertilizer for growing plants. The work has been carried out for the Netherlands companies Bond Textile Research, Best Wool Carpets and James, which own the four patents on which this new biological technology is based. The so-called "cradle-to-cradle" model has been central to the work done by the team led by Tzanko Tzanov, a researcher with the Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology Group at the Universitat Polità ¨cnica de Catalunya. BarcelonaTechs Terrassa Campus. The outcome is an enzyme-based biological technology that paves the way for three Netherlands companies to manufacture carpets that are much lighter, sustainable, biodegradable, and 100% recyclable. At the end of their useful life, the carpets can be used as fertiliser or subst rate for growing plants. The system saves a great deal of energy, completely closes the biological cycle for wool, and significantly reduces the final cost of carpet products. Universitat Polità ¨cnica de Catalunya (UPC). (2011, July 13). Innovative system for producing carpets.  ScienceDaily. Retrieved October 12, 2014 from

Meaning of Life and Success Essay Example for Free

Meaning of Life and Success Essay The most important thing in my life is thought to be happiness. In order to achieve success you must adjust to very situation with ease. Success is it the process of doing a task and receiving a positive result, or is it simply achieving one’s own personal goals. According to The American Heritage dictionary success is, â€Å"the achievement of something desired, planned, or attempt†. The word success itself means to achieve your goal or get the point that you looking for. Some people success meant to them to be rich or to finish school and work high pay jobs. But for me success means more than that. Success means to me have peace and love; also to get married and to enter heaven after this life is over. To be sure, everybody who has peace and love is a successful succeeding person. Without peace and love there is no success. You wake up in the morning and you don’t worry about anything that day; that is success for me, because the life is short, you don’t have to be concerned about anything. Also if you have a family that loves you and is always happy for what you are doing, that is success. In addition, if you take care of your old parents and they love you and they live a happy life, which is success for me. Additionally, success is also something that is viewed differently in the eyes of everyone. This is because success means doing what I have always wanted do being where I have always wanted to be. My goal in life is to eventually get married to a good wife and have many happy children and if I accomplished that, then I could view myself as having success. Lastly, meaning of success for me is to enter the heaven after this life is over. We know that life in this world is too short, and we don’t know when we are going to die and what we are going to get after this life. That is a simple answer; do good deeds in this world and you are going to be successful in the life hereafter. That means you enter the heaven for sure and that is big reward from God to his mankind. There is no dying after this life; that means if you don’t enter the heaven you will be the loser and who ever go in the heaven will be the winner. In conclusion, I still agree with the idea I presented: however according to the dictionary and many other resources, success means to them achievement. But according to my own opinion success means to believe the ones of God, and to have peace and love in your whole life, and to get in heaven the life hereafter.

Choices And Consequences That People Face

Choices And Consequences That People Face Every choice a person makes has consequences, whether they are positive or negative. Many times before a person makes a choice, he/she mentally calculates the cost and benefits of his/her choice. Other times some of the consequences may have not been intended or thought through. The feminist movement is an example of that. While the feminist movement accomplished great things for women, it also hindered women in other areas. Some of the problems related to the ironies of the feminist movement and the mixed message women were receiving. It began to change the way women made choices. Even though the feminist movement affected womens choices, many women have chosen to quit their job in order to raise a family. Because women were able to have jobs during the war, they realized they were no longer content to be housewives. In the 1960s most of the feminist movement was led by radical feminists. They began to fight for reproductive and employment rights. The Equal Pay Act was enacted in 1963. This meant that employers had to give employees the same amount of money for the same job. During this time abortion was made legal in all fifty states (Feminsm). The third round of feminism began in the 1990s. This was led by many types of feminism. It dealt with more than just prejudices against women but also races and economic standing (Feminsm). Feminism has many ironies that can be explored. It helps determine how the feminists made their choices and what they meant by them. Dr. Wendy Walsh, who is a clinical psychologist, has an interesting view on feminism. Even though she is a feminist herself, she believes that it did have negative consequences. She writes, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦feminism didnt liberate femininity. Feminism liberated masculine energy in women. It was a masculinist movementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦It pushed femininity in the closet. (Walsh) That statement seems pretty accurate. Feminism did not encourage women to be more feminine. It encouraged women to be like men. Women were supposed to have the same jobs as men and achieve the same success. To many women, this was a good thing, but to others it was not. Walsh comments that women who liked their traditional role were hurt by that. They were then told that their job was not as important as a woman who works outside the home (Walsh). The feminist movement seemed to start because women said they were unsatisfied being housewives. If that is true, then women should be happier now because they are pursuing careers. However, according to a poll done by ClubMom, a free national membership organization for moms, the results are the exact opposite. Working moms and stay-at-home moms were asked to rate various aspects of their life and to grade their overall satisfaction with life. Working moms rated A thirty three percent of the time while stay-at-home moms rated A fifty two percent of the time. They also rated their job as a mom. Stay-at-home moms gave themselves an A fifty one percent of the time while working moms only did forty five percent of the time. Interestingly just eight percent of moms would continue to work full time if they did not have to worry about finances (New Poll). F. Carolyn Graglia, author of Domestic Tranquility: A Brief Against Feminism, also writes about the many ironies of feminism. Betty Friedan, Kate Millett, Germaine Greer and Gloria Steinem were some of the leading womens rights movement leaders in the 1960s. They did not support womens roles as a wife and mother, but Betty Friedan was the only one who had been a wife and mother (Graglia 13-14). It seems that the women should not speak against something they have never experienced. Maybe they wanted others to choose what they had chosen to make their choices more acceptable. Friedan did decide to divorce because she believed that she could not tell women to not get married while she herself was still in the awful institution. She claims that marriage destroyed [her] self-respect. (Graglia 13) Some women still believe that women can be more satisfied caring for their children opposed to having a successful career. Suzanne Venker writes in Feminsm:Opposing Viewpoint about why she believed a woman should choose to stay home. She was an English teacher and then a full time mom. Venker argues that women seem to be unhappy in the workplace. She cites that people have spent over five hundred million dollars on self-help books in 1999 (Finsanisk). Another source says that women count for ninety percent of self-help (Smith). So the vast majority of the self-help books were sold to women. Venker believes that if careers were truly fulfilling women like they are supposedly supposed to do, then people would not need to buy so many self-help books (Finsanick). Obviously, feminism had a tremendous impact on society. Women achieved the right to vote, have equal jobs, and own property. Many countries had women political leaders, and there were more females than males in many higher institutions. In the U.S., a woman ran for president and another almost became vice president. Husbands and wives also began to split the work more evenly in earning money, taking care of children, and maintaining the house (Feminism). Television changed from June Cleaver vacuuming in high heeled shoes to Clair Huxtable managing a house and her career as a lawyer. It gave women the opportunity to pursue a good career if that is what they wanted, or if they needed to due to finances. With all the changes that many believed to be positive, there were negative as well. Whether feminists intended for it to happen or not, the feminist movement, especially the radical one, brought about some negative consequences. The early feminists choices affected everyone. The feminist movement affected womens choices. The feminist seemed to focus on equality and women getting to have a choice. They wanted women to be able to choose to be a doctor or architect if that is what she wanted. But when women were given the right to a successful career, it almost became expected of them. Rebecca Scarlett said it like this, Suddenly, women were no longer allowed to choose. Suddenly women had to be everything they had always been, and be everything men had always been, as well, or they would have to feel inadequate and ashamed! (Scarlett) Now women who choose to stay home and take care of her children and house, are viewed as being lazy. People might think she is not smart enough hold or pursue another job (Scarlett). Feminists choices hurt womens right to choose. Sometimes people experience consequences as the result of their choices, and other times one must make a choice based on the consequences of choices made by the people around them. That is what many women have to do now. Radical feminists choose to devalue a womans role with her children and household. The consequences were that women are expected to pursue a career and now many women must make a choice: do they follow the feminist way or choose to take a different path. After she makes the choice she must see if her choices were worth the consequences. Other times women are forced to make choices whether they want to or not. Some mothers must work due to economic status or single parent homes. But many things are affected by the womans choice whether it was voluntary or necessary. In the article in the book Feminsm, Venker cites Dr. Phil by saying Life is about tough choices. I never encountered a successful person who didnt have to sacrifice in one area of her life to be successful in another. If you put more into your career, kids and family suffer; if you put more into family, career suffers. Thats the bottom line. (Finsanick) In spite of the feminist encouraging women to seek employment outside the home many women are still choosing to stay home. In fact, in 2005 there were about 5.6 million stay-at-home moms (The U.S. Census Bureau) So, why would a woman choose to go to PTA meetings and change diapers when she could be a doctor or lawyer? It seems that women are realizing that it is hard to do it all. They are deciding to put their careers on hold for a few years while they focus on their family. Iris Krasnow is an example of a woman who quit her job to stay home with her children. Krasnow has written a book about her journey entitled Surrendering to Motherhood about her journey. Glenn T. Stanton sums up her book in his article Two Women Tell All. Iris Krasnow grew up in the radical feminist period. She was an extremely successful journalist for UPI interviewing some of the most famous and interesting people in the world. Krasnow achieved the feminist goal but she was still empty. She began seeking different things to bring her fulfillment. She later married and they decided to have children. Krasnow and her husband wanted to have four [children] by forty and they did (Stanton). She then tried to have it all by pursuing her career and taking care of her family. Krasnow did this because she believed that her career gave her value and she could not imagine life without it (Stanton). One day when she was feeding her fours boy and surrounded by a mess, she realized something: There are no shackles in their house, this is no jail. These kids are your ticket to freedom like nothing you have ever tasted, the kind that is not hinged on TV appearances or writing for Life magazine or being a size 6 again. Its the liberation that comes from the sheer act of living itself. When you stop to be where you are, then your life can really begin I realized for the first time in my life I was exactly where I was supposed to be. (Krasnow 157) Iris Krasnow thought that she could have it all, but she realized that the choices she was making were not the best for her family and children. Her choices were based on what she believed was best for her family and what brought her personal fulfillment. She believes that surrendering to motherhood was the most liberating and powerful thing she had ever done in her life. (Krasnow 2-3) In F. Carolyn Graglias book she explores how feminism has hurt women and families and why she chose to stay home. Glenn Stanton also summarizes the book. Graglia grew up with a single mother and was poor. She decided the ticket out of poverty was to become a lawyer. After college Graglia obtained a job at a Wall Street law firm in the 1950s. At that time it was not common for a woman to have a career like that. She had a successful career until she chose to stay at home when her first child was born. Graglia was not forced to do it; she did it because she wanted to. Like others she chose the choice that wasnt popular. She chose to be a stay-at-home mom in the 1960s and 1970s. Graglia says that people were much more accepting of her choice to be a lawyer in the 1950s than they were of her choice to be a stay-at-home mom (Stanton). She believes that feminism robbed women of their surest source of fulfillment. (Graglia inside cover) She also believes that feminism tried to tell women th at their job as a mother and wife were not valuable. Candace Cameron Bure is another example of a woman who quit her job to stay home with her children. She is best known for her role as D.J. Tanner on Full House. She has also appeared on other T.V. shows, T.V. movies, and feature films. In 1996 she married Valeri Bure, who is now a retired hockey player. After she got married she decided to postpone her career to raise a family (Career) When doors were not opening for her in acting she believed it was God telling her to stay home. Bure considers it a great privilege to stay home (Rice). She counter argues what society tells women, Our society says, Work! Make more money! The career is great! But stay-at-home moms, youre so not cool. Get going. But theyre wrong. I thank God, who alone is able to keep our hearts in the right place. (Rice) After taking a break from her acting career she has returned to acting. Bure has been in several movies and plays Summer Van Horn on ABC Familys Make It Or Break It. (Career) People still vary greatly on the opinion if moms should work outside the home. People seem to judge others choices strongly. Parents and mothers, in particular are judged for every choice they make. They are judged from what they feed their children to where they send them to school. A womans choice to stay at home or pursue a career is not judged any less. No matter what the woman chooses, she will be judged for it. Some may agree with her choice and others may tell her that she made the wrong choice. Some people believe that people are becoming more accepting of whatever choice a woman decides to make. Women on either side of the issue know that each family must decide what choice is best for them. In the article Mothers Who Chose to Stay Home Elizabeth Drew School who made the choice to stay home does not judge the choices of other women. Her choice to stay home was best for her family (Gardner). The choices that a person makes also depend on the culture and expectations that a person was raised with. According to Jolene Ivey in the black culture staying home is not readily accepted. Since the civil rights movement gave them more rights to jobs and education, people did not think it was wise for them to reverse that. When Jolene Ivey decided to stay home with her children she felt like she was alone among her black friends. She then decided to start a support group called Mocha Moms to support black women wanting to stay home (Gardner). When a person has support and encouragement around them it makes his or her choices much easier. Some mothers choose to stay home because they realize their job will not accommodate their new lifestyle. Elizabeth Scholl is an example of that. She had a masters degree and was very career focused. She even planned having a baby around a project. When she learned that her employer was only going to grant her six weeks of maternity leave she knew that she would not be ready to leave her baby at that time. Scholl said that babies dont even hold their head up by six weeks. She requested to work part time, but her job would not allow it. Then she decided to quit. Scholl says that it was truly the hardest decision Ive ever made. But I came to the realization that these jobs are going to be there when I go back to work. (Gardner) Adjusting to being at home was very difficult for her in the beginning (Gardner). Many jobs are not very accommodating for mothers. Some careers do not allow women to work part time or to work from home. Also many times when families calculate child care expenses and taxes women are not making enough to justify working (Gardner). Women have many reasons as to why they choose to stay home in spite of the feminist movement telling women to pursue a career. Part of it is a cycle. Women decided that they wanted to alter their lifestyle. They chose to pursue careers and devalue being a housewife. That also resulted with women being unhappy. Because of that some women still decided to choose to stay home. Many women sacrifice their career in order to stay at home with their child. Whether they are quitting their job as a desk clerk, actress, or lawyer, many women are realizing how difficult it is to balance a career with family. Women are being set free by realizing they do not have to do it all. They can be fulfilled by being a wife and mother. Many women believe their choice to stay home is well worth it.

Process Essay - How to Reduce Plagiarism and Cheating -- Expository Pr

Process Essay - How to Reduce Plagiarism and Cheating Recent studies have shown that a steadily growing number of students cheat or plagiarize in college -- and the data from high schools suggest that this number will continue to rise. A study by Don McCabe of Rutgers University showed that 74 percent of high school students admitted to one or more instances of serious cheating on tests. Even more disturbing is the way that many students define cheating and plagiarism. For example, they believe that cutting and pasting a few sentences from various Web sources without attribution is not plagiarism. Before the Web, students certainly plagiarized -- but they had to plan ahead to do so. Fraternities and sororities often had files of term papers, and some high-tech term-paper firms could fax papers to students. Overall, however, plagiarism required forethought. Online term-paper sites changed all that. Overnight, students could order a term paper, print it out and have it ready for class in the morning -- and still get a good night's sleep. All they needed was a charge card and an Internet connection. One response to the increase in cheating has been to fight technology with more technology. Plagiarism-checking sites provide a service to screen student papers. They offer a color-coded report on papers and the original sources from which the students might have copied. Colleges qualify for volume discounts, which encourages professors to submit whole classes' worth of papers -- the academic equivalent of mandatory urine testing for athletes. The technological battle between term-paper mills and anti-plagiarism services will undoubtedly continue to escalate, with each side constructing more elaborate countermeasures... ...tter grades and more advantages with less effort. Honest students lose grades, scholarships, recommendations and admission to advanced programs. Honest students must create enough peer pressure to dissuade potential cheaters. Ultimately, students must be willing to step forward and confront those who engage in academic dishonesty. Addressing these issues is not a luxury that can be postponed until a more convenient time. It is a short step from dishonesty in schools and colleges to dishonesty in business. It is doubtful that students who fail to develop habits of integrity and honesty while still in an academic setting are likely to do so once they are out in the "real" world. Nor is it likely that adults will stand up against the dishonesty of others, particularly fellow workers and superiors, if they do not develop the habit of doing so while still in school.

The Political Performance of Motherhood: Las Madres de Plaza de Mayo Es

The Political Performance of Motherhood: Las Madres de Plaza de Mayo During the Argentine dictatorship known as the Dirty War (1976-1983), thousands of people were systematically abducted by the government in order to eliminate all opposition to the regime. These "disappearances," which the dictatorship never admitted to committing, happened across class and age lines, but most of the kidnapped were young students and blue-collar workers. Despite the fact that associations and meetings of any kind were forbidden, a group of housewife mothers decided to protest the disappearance of their children. They began to gather every Thursday afternoon at the same time in the main square in Buenos Aires, Plaza de Mayo, walking alone or in pairs to avoid being arrested for disorderly conduct and wearing white kerchiefs on their heads to be easily identifiable. By showcasing their grief in public, the Madres de Plaza de Mayo turned their motherhood into a performance, and their bodies into political tools, to hold the government accountable. A 1985 Oscar-nominated documentary by Lourdes Portillo and Susana Muà ±oz, named after the group, not only recorded the Madres' performance of their collective identity, but was also instrumental in providing a broader audience for said performance. Traditionally, motherhood in Latin America is restricted to the realm of the private. Diana Taylor explains that "'public' women [...] are considered prostitutes or madwomen—that is, nonmothers, even antimothers," while "good mothers are invisible," (1) because they stay home with their children. However, the Madres carved for themselves a third position that broke this dichotomy, going on to become "one of the most visible political discourses of resist... ... Works Cited: Butler, Judith. "Gender is Burning: Questions of Appropriation and Subversion." Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex. New York: Routledge, 1993. 121-140. Fregoso, Rosa Linda. "Lourdes Portillo: The Devil Never Sleeps and Other Films." University of Texas. 2001. hooks, bell. "Is Paris Burning?" Black Looks: Race and Representation. Boston: South End, 1992. 145-156. Las Madres de Plaza de Mayo. Dir. Lourdes Portillo and Susana Muà ±oz. Videocassette. Xà ³chitl Films. 63 min. Navarro, Marysa. "The Personal is Political: Las Madres de Plaza de Mayo." Power and Popular Protest. Latin American Social Movements. Ed. Susan Eckstein. 1989. Taylor, Diana. "Trapped in Bad Scripts: The Mothers of Plaza de Mayo". Disappearing Acts. Spectacles of Gender and Nationalism in Argentina's "Dirty War." Duke Univ. Press: 1997. 183-222.

The Future of Education Essay -- Teaching Teachers Essays

The Future of Education As teachers our primary concern should be the students and what type of learning environment will be best suited to meet their needs. There are many different opinions as top what the most effective or appropriate curriculum is for the students. I do not believe there is any one philosophy that can provide the ideal curriculum for each and every student. Just as there are numerous methods of teaching, there are also numerous ways to learn. It is essential that we keep this in mind as we help the students achieve their goals and discover their talents. Above all we must encourage the students to try new things and do what we can to prevent limiting them in any way. I do not feel that I completely fall under any of the major teaching philosophies, but I do mostly agree with the progressivists. The school system needs to attempt to keep their curriculum as current as possible with the ever changing technological advances. I also believe that the students will be able to retain what they learn if they are given hands on projects that pertain to the subject material. It is not my intent to undermine traditional book learning, which is still an essential part of the schooling process, but basic book learning cannot be the total emphasis of the school program. The school system should not eliminate some of the some of the classes such as Agricultural Science, Music, Art, or the Shop classes. Elimination of these types of classes ...

How to Preserve Endanger Animals

How endangerment of animals can be prevented or overcome. There are many ways to help the endangered animal. One of the most important ways to help threatened animals is to conserve their habitat permanently. These habitats are area such as national parks, national reserves and wilderness areas. There they can live without interference by human activities. Human’s activities such as deforestation, farming, over grazing and development result the soil compaction, erosion, desertification, and alteration of local climatic conditions.These changes make the wildlife ill-adapt to the drastically changed environment. In areas where rare species are present, habitat destruction can quickly force a species to extinction. Besides that, we can also play our role in conserving the wildlife habitat. Controlling the rubbish dumping systematically and give heavy fine to irresponsibility citizen that against the rules. By conserving the wildlife habitats, endangered animal can be saved. Many of the Earth's habitats, animals, plants, insects, and even micro-organisms that we know as rare may not be known at all by future generations.We have the capability, and the responsibility. We must act before it is too late. We carry the responsibility to let our future generation to have a look at those animals which is not by merely in the picture in the book. Furthermore we can join a conservation organisation. There are many community groups working on conservation activities. Different organizations have different objectives—some work to protect a small plot of land or to protect whales, others focus on establishing good environmental policies in local government.If you have a specific area of interest, we can often find an organization that is working to protect the species or habitats we are most concerned about. By joining in, we can support well-organized, ongoing efforts to protect species and habitats. Despite of the scale of the project, we are doing it based on our nature to help the endangered animal. As such, we must do it with our instinct to help these animals. Moreover we must support the 3R slogan – recycle, reduce and reuse. By recycling and reusing as much as we can, we reduce our impact on the environment.Additionally, by reducing the energy we consume, we take a little of the burden off our natural resources. As such, we are encouraged to respond positively towards slogan and plan that is hold by the government, such as the car pool system and taking public transport. On the other hand, we can also do our part to save the wildlife, remember to turn off the tap while brushing teeth and use water-saving devices on toilet, taps and showerhead, saving energy by turning off lights when we are not using it. We can also recycle your toys, books and games by donating them to a hospital, nursery school or children's charity.Try to consume organic vegetables and fruits that are healthier and also organic. We must also avoid buying materials that are made by animals, such as clothing, genuine leather and handbags. Many animals are killed to make human’s luxurious item. Producing food and good we use our existent knowledge. On the other hand, animals and especially rare ones could give us a lot of new attainments from history to bionics. Probably, people wouldn’t have invented an airplane, a submarine of a parachute without surveying of animals.Nowadays, studies are more complex, but scientists still have been inspiring by concealed abilities of animals. Learning about animals in their natural habitat helps us to unveil many things about our evolution. This is due to the interactions between human and animals always stay a connection and dependence in our livings. There are a lot of ways how to save land for endangered animals, but the most important thing is the consciousness of people. While we think only about our prosperity, we are unable to think about true beauty. What is so called the †˜true beauty’?It is actually the awareness of the people to figure out the importance of the endangered animal and how they suffer from being chased out from their habitat and thus being decrease in number and as a result extinction of that species of animal. The government should play a significant role here. Campaign should be hold more frequently and at more places so that more people realise the beauty of this nature and how much our hands have destroyed it and how many animals struggling hard to live without our perception. Strict laws should be enforced to curb people from poaching and lodging, deforestation is also strictly prohibited.Despite of the work carried out by the government, we also can do our role to help the animals. We can voice out about what we concern about and our enthusiasm to government or specific department. So that government will take into consideration that many people are increasing the likelihood that someone will do something about it. Besid es that, we can also share with our family or friends to spread and discuss how to protect and do our best on it. We can also let the people know the endangered animal by posting article in the ewspaper and forums on the internet so that the attention of the public will be attracted to the serious problem that endangered species are facing. In conclusion, we should try our best in several ways so that the endangered wildlife animals will be protected. The measures above should be implemented for the sake of the future generation so that they can also enjoy the values hold by these animals. Not only we humans have the living right but the other species have it too. Pictures of conserved national parks in Malaysia Taman Negara Tunku Abdul Rahman National Park

All Agreements Are Contracts Essay

1. Introduction Dear students, welcome to the lecture series on Business Regulatory Frame Work. Today we are going to discuss the Indian Contract Act 1872. Before I start my discussion on the contract, I would like to make you aware that the Indian Contract Act 1872 came enforced on the 1st day of the September 1872. It is applicable to whole of the country except the State Jammu & Kashmir. The course related to the law is designed to impart the knowledge to the student so that they are acquaint with the general principles of the law. As you know in our day to day life we come across number of contracts but we are not aware about them. When we board a bus or when we go to see a movie or we lend away book to our friend or when we are depositing the luggage in the railway clock room, the law comes in the picture without understanding the law we will not be able to understand what are the rights and the obligation granted to the individuals. The objective of this course is to provide a brief idea about the frame work of the Indian Business Law. 2. Agreement and Contract Now we will start our discussion on the Indian Contract Act. First of all we should understand what is a contract? Apart from the legal definition if we generally understand the word Contract then we can say that a contract comes into the picture when there is an agreement and when the agreement become enforceable it become a contract. There are two words Agreement and Contract. What is an agreement? Agreement itself comes in the picture when there is an offer and acceptance. Now again if we go into the details of this offer and acceptance then we find that offer is an expression of the desire by one party in front of the other party to do something or not to do something is an offer. Suppose ‘A’ says to the ‘B’ that I would like to sell my car to you in fifty thousand rupees, will you buy? Now here ‘A’ is expressing his desire to the ‘B’ to sell his car so that ‘B’ buy’s it. So offer has to be there and in that offer if there is an acceptance then it becomes an agreement and suppose in the same example ‘B’ says that YES he would like to Page 1 of 9  buy the car of the ‘A’ then it becomes an agreement. Now when there is an  offer and acceptance in a contract it becomes an agreement. So after studying or  analysing how agreement comes into the picture we move on to understand what is a contract? Now to reach at the level of the contract we have to add or we have to incorporate enforceability into it, the law says that until and unless an agreement is not enforceable, it cannot become a contract and to make it enforceable we have to add to certain essentials of a valid contract which are explained in the Section-10 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872. Without  enforceability it will simply remain an agreement it cannot become a contract. So in other words we can say to reach at the level of the contract we must have on the one hand agreement and on the other hand we must have enforceability into it and then it will reach at the level of the contract or it will become a contract. If I say all agreements are not contract but all contracts are agreement because all agreement cannot reach at the stage of the contract because if an agreement is not enforceable in spite of having number of the element of enforceability into it. If it is lacking one element of enforceability, it cannot reach the stage of the contract. Now just to make it a very simple. If I say that you are the student of the B.Com Part-I and if I say that you will become a graduate one day, there is no certainty into it. A student in the part 1 will definitely be a graduate there is no certainty because he may drop the studies in between or he may decide to quit but whomsoever is a graduate or if a student is a B.Com then automatically I will say that he has completed B.Com. Part I. So a student who is B.Com Part I need not to be necessarily be a graduate one day but whomsoever is a graduate was definitely was in B.Com Part I. Meaning thereby, if I relate, B.Com Part 1, with an  agreement and B.Com itself, with a contract. There is a gap between the two like an agreement has to be converted into the contract with enforceability.  We had to add the essential elements in a contract and then it will become a contract. Similarly a student has to pass B.Com Part I, he has to pass B.Com Part II and then he has to pass B.Com Part III or the final year examination then he will become a graduate. If somewhere in between if he leaves the studies or quit the studies, he cannot become a graduate. So we can say all contracts are agreement but all agreements are not contract. 3. Definitions of Agreement and Contract Now I would like to give you the definition of the contract which have been defined in the law. The term contract is defined in section 2(h) of the Indian Contract Act which reads as under: â€Å"An Agreement enforceable by law is a contract†. Now if we analyse the definition we find that whatever I have explained to you earlier is covered in this definition and if we go by the definition of agreement given in the section 2(e) – â€Å"Every promise and every set of promises is forming the consideration for each other is an agreement.† Now if we analyse this definition and I have explained it earlier that agreement or the promise consist of two things offer and acceptance. Let us see the some definition given by the thinkers. Definition given by Mr. Polak â€Å"Every agreement and promise enforceable at law is a contract† and Sir Salmond has defined â€Å"a contract is an agreement creating and defining obligation between the parties. If we analyse the definition given by eminent jurist and the definition given in the Indian Contract Act, we reach on this conclusion that to make an agreement enforceable and then we can enter into a contract. Now the question arises that what are those things which can make an agreement enforceable in the eye of law. Since, we have studied the portion of the agreement very well, that it is made up of two things offer and acceptance. Offer is the expression of the desire by the one party in front of the other party to give an assent and acceptance is the assent given on the offer. 4. Enforceability in an Agreement Now we will move on to the points which bring the enforceability in the agreement and if the enforceability is added it is included it will constitute along with an agreement it will constitute a contract. The first and foremost point which we had discussed is that there has to be an offer and there has to be an acceptance. As you know very well that without two parties or more than two parties we cannot enter into a contract. So in a contract there has to be more than two parties and one party will make an offer to the other party. The other party will give an acceptance on it. This is the fundamental essential to convert or to bring the enforceability in agreement. The second important essential element is that there has to be a free consent between both the parties. Now this particular word free consent is made up of two words consent and it should be free. As I mentioned that each element will be dealt by me later on in great detail therefore I am providing you the brief introduction of these elements. The consent is the meeting of the mind and both the parties agree upon the same thing in a same sense it is said that there is a consent. But it will be free provided it is not caused by or provided the consent is not obtained by cohesion, undue influence, fraud and misrepresentation. In very simple line I will explain coercion meaning thereby if one party forcibly compelling the other party to enter into the contract it is said that coercion has been applied on the other party. For example A by threatening to kill him enters into a contract with him it is said that A has entered into a contract with the B by coercion. Undue influence, whenever there is undue  influence, one party is always in a stronger position and other party is always at a weaker position. The stronger party morally pressurised the weaker party to enter into the contract and weaker party enters into the contract without the free will. It is said the undue influence has been exercised. What is the fraud? The fraud means when one party intentionally or deliberately or with the intention to cheat the other party, to deceive the other party, enters into the contract it is said that fraud has been  exercised by the party and misrepresentation meaning thereby, a statement which is not true but the party making it believe it to be true it is said that misrepresentation have taken place so if we have got the four element if the consent is called by these four element it is said that it is not a free consent and contract enter into by the party without free consent even not having enforceability remember we are now dealing with thos e point which will bring the enforceability with the agreement so that it become a contract. We are here studying the point which will take the agreement to the contract. These points I am discussing, again I am repeating in very very brief manner. The another point which is very important to bring the enforceability is the parties should be competent to enter into the contract. Without going into the details if we say all parties are competent to enter into the contract except the three parties, if we exclude these three parties from the agreement there will be enforceability so  that agreement will become a contract and these parties are if the contract is enter into by the minors and minor is a person who is not having age of 18 if the contract has been enter into by the person of unsound mind it is said that it is not enforceable he is not competent to enter into the contract and if the people debar by law if they enter into the contract since they do not have capacity to enter into the contract it cannot become a contract and they don’t have capacity to enter into the contract. Therefore if we say, if these three people are present in any agreement that agreement cannot become a contract and except these three people if any person enter into the contract that agreement will have enforceability. 5. Lawful Object and Consideration Now I move on to another point that is known as the object of the agreement should be lawful and the consideration which is given should also be lawful. There are two things, object of the contract should be lawful as well as the consideration given to achieve the object should also be lawful. First of all I will take up what do we mean by consideration. Consideration the law says is that something in exchange like if you go to the market to buy 1 kg sugar you give 35 rupees to the shopkeeper and the shopkeeper gives you 1kg sugar. For the shopkeeper, 35  rupees is a consideration and for you, sugar is a consideration. So there is an exchange between the two parties therefore there has to be a consideration but the consideration should be lawful and object of the contract should also be lawful. Now law says what is lawful object? and what is lawful consideration? In the Law has not defined in a positive manner, law have defined that what is unlawful. If the law says if any object and consideration does not fall within these lines then it is automatically lawful object and lawful consideration. Meaning  thereby, we go negatively to explain what is the lawful object? And what is the lawful consideration? Now suppose, ‘A’ says to the ‘B’ that if you will kill the ‘C’ I will give fifty thousand rupees. Now in this example when ‘A’ says to the ‘B’ to kill the ‘C’, the object is not lawful as well as the consideration which is decided to kill the ‘C’ is also not lawful. Therefore the object of the contract should be lawful but I will mention certain points which are declared by the law that they are treated as unlawful therefore they are not applicable or they don’t have any validity in the eye of law. Number one is If it is fraudulent the object of the contract is to do some fraud then it will be treated as the object of the contract is not lawful. For example if ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ together decide and cheat the ‘D’ they make a pl an to cheat ‘D’ or to play a fraud with the ‘D’ it is unlawful and object of the ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ of the plan is unlawful. 6. Objects Forbidden by Law If the object of the contract is forbidden by law, when we say it is forbidden by law meaning thereby the law does not permit that if the object of the contract is forbidden by law then it will not be treated as a point of enforceability in an agreement. For example if ‘A’ having a living  married wife enters into a contract to marry another lady. Now here in this example the object of the contract is forbidden by law and if we dwell upon we will find that it is written in the Hindu law that a person if he is having a married wife living with him cannot marry the another lady. So if the object is forbidden by either by the law or by the state legislation or by the Central Government if they have enacted any law and if it is forbidden and if we try to enters into a contract which is forbidden by law that will be treated as unlawful object. The next point in the unlawful object and  consideration is that if the object is permitted it will defeat the provisions of the some other law and if we take the example we find that suppose in a company it is mentioned that a person if he comes to attend a meeting he will be given 125 rupees for example as a remuneration to attend the meeting and 25 rupees as a allowance. Now if we are giving the allowance with an intention to evade the income tax then it will be treated that object of giving the 25 rupees with an intention of evading the income tax then we can say here also the object of the contract is not lawful and if it is injurious to the other party. If two parties enter into the contract to injure somebody that object is also unlawful and if the object of the contract is immoral. Now the definition of the morality will depend upon the standard of the society but yet if we are promoting the prostitution, that is considered as to be an immoral and if the two parties enters into the contract which promotes the prostitution, that object of the contract is also unlawful but last but not the least heading in the unlawful object and consideration is that it should not be against the public policy. Now public policy is a very wide term. Public policy has been defined by different  is always a situational.  eminent jurist in different manner it Whatever is suitable according to the standard of the  society can be included in the heading of the public policy. We sometime call it that public policy is unruly horse. We can include any heading in the public policy. Like, for example recently the Supreme Court has given a judgement in which they have specifically mentioned that no construction activity will take place in Bombay and other parts of the country after 10 O’clock in the night. Now this decision has been given in the interest of the public policy. If you recall there is a judgement that during the Navratras the dandiyas are not allowed after 10 o’clock in certain states except Gujarat because the Gharba is the festival of the Gujarat. Dandiya is played during that particular period with the great enthusiasm in the Gujarat because it has got an origin in the Gujarat. It originated from the Gujarat. So except Gujarat the Dandiyas will not be played in other part of the country after 10 o’clock. This decision is given in the interest of the public policy. So public policy is a very wider term. Yet we have decided certain heads which are included in the public policy. First is trading with enemy, second is trafficking in the public offices, third is interference with administration of justice, fourth is marriage brokerage contracts, fifth is agreement tending to create interest oppose to duty, sixth agreement in restrain of parental right, seventh agreement restricting personal liberty and the last but not the least is the agreement to commit a crime. So the object of the contract should be lawful and in this point we had studied that what is lawful and it has not been explained but what is unlawful it has been explained. 7. Agreement should not be Declared Void Now we move on to another element which bring the enforceability in an agreement. The heading of that element is that an agreement should not be  specifically declared void. In the law of contract there are certain agreements which are declared by law that they are the void and they cannot be at any rate be converted into the contract and as we know void agreements  are the void from the very beginning.  They cannot be converted into the contract, they are not  enforceable they have no value in the eyes of law. Now for your convenience I will mention the headings of the void agreements.  The first and the foremost is  agreements by person who are not competent to contract (Section-11), agreement under a mutual mistake of fact material to agreement (Section-20), agreement with unlawful consideration or object (Section-23), agreement, the consideration or object of which is unlawful in part (Section-24), agreements without consideration (Section-25), agreement in restrain of marriage (Section-26), agreements in restraint of trade (Section-27), agreement s in restrain of legal proceedings (Section-28), agreement, the meaning of which is uncertain (Section29), wagering agreement (Section-30) and agreement to do impossible act (Section-56). If we look at the list we find that any agreement which is falling under these categories or under any of these categories will be known as the void agreement it cannot be converted into the contract. If I move on to another element of the enforceability and that is the agreement must be certain. When we say the agreement must be certain meaning thereby when offer is made to another party it should have the element of certainty. It should not be weigh. The acceptor or the promisee should not derive the different meaning out of it or it should not be confusing also. For example if ‘A’ says to the ‘B’ that he would like to sell the fifty tins of the oil. Now this offer by ‘A’ to the ‘B’ is uncertain. It is not giving meaning, which oil he would like to sell to ‘B’. Is he would like to sell the coconut oil or he would like to sell the mustard oil. He has not mentioned it, therefore, in  agreement which is expressed or agreement which is given to the other party should be certain and the last point to bring the enforceability is known as that performance of the agreement should not be impossible. For a very simple example if a girl says to a boy that you bring the stars from the sky and then I will marry you. It is impossible act. It can not be converted into the  contract it is lacking the enforceability because we know we can not bring the stars from the sky. If ‘A’ says to the ‘B’ that I will give you 1 lakh rupees if you join the two parallel lines, we know two parallel lines do not meet. Another  example is if ‘A’ says to ‘B’ that he will show the ‘B’ the hidden treasure by magic then it is also an impossible act because by magic we cannot show the hidden treasure. Therefore, these are the elements which has been explained to you if they are available in toto, if they are available as it is in an agreement then it will become a contract.  If one single essential element of this is absent or one  essential element of the valid contract is absent or missing then it cannot become a contract that agreement will simply remain an agreement because it is lacking one of the essential element of enforceability. Therefore to reach at the level of the contract we have to fulfil all these requirements. Therefore we say all  contracts are agreement but all agreements are not contract because to travel  at the stage of the contract, to reach at the stage of the contract we had to have these elements.

Health And Safety Challenges For Mining Companies Environmental Sciences Essay

Outline some of the cardinal wellness and safety challenges that is faced by a excavation company you are familiar with. The industry has experienced both high effect low frequence events ( catastrophes such as Moura and Gretley ) every bit good as low frequence high events ( such as faux pass, strains and falls ) contribute to the industry ‘s high lost clip hurt rate ( LTIR ) . It has besides had its portion of occupational diseases. Historically, pneumonocosis ( lung disease caused by inspiration of mineral dust ) , asbestosis and mesothelioma have been cardinal countries of concern. Noise, quiver and weariness are issues of important wellness concerns. The direction and control of major jeopardies associated with structural prostrations, fires and detonations are cardinal safety issues of the twenty-four hours.Moura:During the past 40 old ages at that place have been three mining catastrophes in the Moura territory at a cost of 36 lives. The first occurred at Kianga Mine on 20 September 1975. Thirteen mineworkers died from an detonation which was found to hold been initiated by self-generated burning. The mine was sealed and the organic structures of the work forces were ne'er recovered. The 2nd occurred on 16 July 1986 at Moura No 4 Mine when 12 mineworkers died from an detonation idea to hold been initiated by one of two possible beginnings, viz. frictional ignition or a flame safety lamp. The organic structures of the mineworkers, in this instance, were recovered. The tierce of the catastrophes occurred on 7 August 1994 at Moura No 2 Mine. On this juncture eleven mineworkers died as a consequence of an detonation. The mine was sealed and, at this clip, the organic structures have non been recovered. What is the model of the mine safety statute law in your state/country? Since Australia is a federation of provinces, each province sets out its ain Torahs, which include its ain regulative criterions for occupational wellness and safety. At get downing, each province was separate and used the old wellness codifications ( i.e. , statute law ) and criterions from the British system. This system relied to a great extent upon really specific ( i.e. , Numberss based ) system which was easy to implement and simple to understand. However jobs ensured as clip and engineering progressed which led to the wellness and safety reform that began in 1972. The Current Framework for Mine Safety in Australia in 3 ways: Regulations under a general OHS Act ( VIC/SA/TAS/NT ) In separate Mine Safety Acts and Regulations ( WA/QLD ) In separate mine Safety Act and Regulations Subordinate to a general OHS Act ( NSW ) Since Victoria is my province, the undermentioned legalization will be used under 3 chief classs given as below. Dangerous Goods Act Environment Protection ACT Occupational Health and Safety Regulations As per Occupational Health and Safety Regulations: Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004. Act No. 107/2004: Enabling act. Sets out the cardinal rules, responsibilities and rights in relation to occupational wellness and safety ( OHS ) . Occupational Health and Safety Regulations 2007, Statutory Rule No. 54/2007: Specifies the manner in which a responsibility imposed by the OHS Act must be performed, or prescribe procedural or administrative affairs to back up the OHS Act ( eg requiring licenses for specific activities, the maintaining of records or giving notice ) . WorkSafe Positions: Are guidelines made under subdivision 12 of the OHS Act that province how WorkSafe will use the OHS Act or Regulations or exert discretion under a proviso of the OHS Act or Regulations. WorkSafe Positions are intended to supply certainty to duty holders and other affected parties As per Environment Protection ACT: Version No. 171, Environment Protection Act 1970, No. 8056 of 1970, Version integrating amendments as at 1 January 2010. This sets out the cardinal rules, responsibilities and rights in relation to Environment Protection Act. As per Dangerous Goods Act: This sets out the cardinal rules, responsibilities and rights in relation to Dangerous Goods Act. But here separately they all made for single classs as mentioned. Version No. 081 Dangerous Goods Act 1985 No. 10189 of 1985 Version integrating amendments as at 1 January 2010 Version No. 003 Dangerous Goods ( HCDG ) Regulations 2005 S.R. No. 96/2005 Version as at 14 March 2008 Version No. 005 Dangerous Goods ( Storage and Handling ) Regulations 2000 S.R. No. 127/2000 Version integrating amendments as at 1 January 2009 Version No. 001 Dangerous Goods ( Transport by Road or Rail ) Regulations 2008 S.R. No. 166/2008 Version as at 1 January 2009 Version No. 013 Dangerous Goods ( Explosives ) Regulations 2000 S.R. No. 61/2000 Version integrating amendments as at 1 January 2009 Robens suggested two cardinal issues were of import in accomplishing high criterions of safety. What are these two key issue? Where in the Act ( or ordinance ) are these two issues addressed in the mine safety statute law of your state/country? In 1972, the British Robens study sought to modify the old codifications of pattern utilizing two base principals. The first rule recognised the demand to unite all the difference OHS Torahs under one system. It was proposed that this would be accomplished by making â€Å" general responsibilities † into one opinion ( Robens Report, para 41 ) . The 2nd rule observed that a ego ordinance theoretical account be implemented where workers and decision makers ‘come together ‘ in order addition the criterions of wellness and safety ( Robens Report, para 41 ) . The Federal Government in 1985 passed statute law to organize the so National Occupational Health and Safety Commission ( NOHSC ) ; though, because Australia is a federation, each state/territory has to sign federal statute law in order to for the committee ( NOHSC ) to be apart of the Commonwealth and hence have any legal evidences. Each province reformed OHS Torahs, based on the Robens theoretical account and beyond. In fact, the OHS operates in a three manner system. The first is the general responsibilities which cover all employees irrespective of occupation position ( Internet Explorer, contracted or non ) and require the employee as practically possible to guarantee a safe working environment. The 2nd are the â€Å" commissariats in ordinances † are compulsory Torahs that are specific to each province. Finally, codifications of pattern are used as counsel which set the criterions for the general responsibility of attention. These aid in puting criterions the responsibility holder is required to place the jeopardies and buttocks and control hazards and hence helps Robens 2nd rule nevertheless there remains some critical spreads. What is the chief end of industrial hygiene? List the four key processes that play a function in accomplishing this end. Main end of Industrial hygiene is risk decrease and/or hazard riddance wherever possible. Anticipation Recognition Evaluation Control of workplace environmental jeopardies Specify the undermentioned footings Hazard Hazard Hazard direction Hazard Appraisal Probability Frequency Badness Dose TLV-TWA TLV-STEL Hazard: A jeopardy is any ‘thing ‘ that may do injury or hurt to a individual or belongings. Besides this is the potency of any agent or substances to do injury, normally ill-health or disease. Hazard: The hazard tells how likely an accident ( An accident is any unexpected or unintended event that may do injury or hurt to a individual or belongings ) will do injury or hurt to a individual or belongings. Hazard is a map of the type of jeopardy times the sum of exposure ( Risk = Hazard x Exposure ) Hazards direction: The procedure of ordaining general responsibilities of attention in order to extinguish, replacement, or cut down the likeliness of an accident ( i.e. hazard ) through technology or administrative solutions, or through using personal protection equipment ( PPE ) . Hazard Appraisal: Hazard Assessment is the procedure by which a particular hazard is quantified or qualified in order to understand how to pull off a specific jeopardy. It is based upon the consequence that a specific jeopardy may hold, the magnitude of the jeopardy ( I, e, how terrible it may be ) , and the continuance that the jeopardy may impact a individual or belongings. The hazard appraisal helps determine how a jeopardy may be managed and how a hazard may be controlled. Probability: the likeliness for an event to happen. One of the factors that serves as the dependent variable for hazard ( I.e. Risk=Probability * Severity ) or It is a manner of showing cognition or belief that an event will happen or has occurred. In mathematics the construct has been given an exact significance in chance theory, that is used extensively in such countries of survey as mathematics, statistics, finance, gaming, scientific discipline, and doctrine to pull decisions about the likeliness of possible events and the implicit in mechanics of complex systems. Frequency: Frequency is the rate at which a individual may come into contact with a jeopardy over a defined length of clip. Or The figure of times that a periodic map repeats the same sequence of values during a unit fluctuation of the independent variable Badness: Badness is the magnitude, or strength, with which a risky substance is exposed to a individual. It is the dimension for sorting earnestness for Technical support issues. Dose: Is the sum of the jeopardy which we are exposed. It is defined by the concentration of the risky substance times the length of clip a individual is exposed. Dose is the construct of dosage is paramount for occupational hygiene and hazard direction. Dose refers to the sum of a substance to which we are exposed, and is a combination of the concentration of exposure and continuance of exposure. Dose= concentration*duration of exposure TLV-TWA: TLV values by and large refer to a national exposure criterion for a jeopardy ( i.e. chemical, dust, or radiation ) . It is a agency of quantifying the maximal concentrations of a peculiar substance in an country over a specified length of clip, and so using it as a criterion for wellness and safety inspectors and responsibility bearers to utilize as a manner of measuring hazard. TWA is an acronym for clip leaden norm. In this instance, the continuance of contaminant exposure is expressed over an eight hr working twenty-four hours and a five twenty-four hours working hebdomad. In this manner, this exposure criterion incorporates the upper limit and minimal exposure rates a individual experiences during a regular on the job twenty-four hours. The accent of an exposure free clip is implicitly involved ( as would be the instance for noise ) so that certain organic structure thresholds are non passed. TLV-STEL: STEL is an acronym for short term exposure bound. For some substances, a short term exposure criterion is needed since ague and chronic wellness affects may ensue. Alternatively of an eight hr twenty-four hours, this exposure criterion is step over no more than 15 proceedingss. What are the chief airborne contaminants/pollutants that can do health-related jobs at mine sites? The Dust and particulates ( arsenic, lead, quicksilver and etc ) ; The Toxic gases ( C monoxide, sulfur dioxide and etc ) ; The Carcinogens ( asbestos, aromatic hydrocarbons, and etc ) ; The Flammable gases ( methane and C dioxide and etc ) ; The Radiation toxicant ( radon, U, Th and etc ) ; The Mixture of viruses and bacteriums. For a peculiar legal legal power ( state/country ) what are the legal demands for the concentration of the followers in the general organic structure of airing air flow ( maximal or lower limit ) ? Harmonizing to the HSIS Oxygen Pure O: no limitations Oxygen diflouride: TWA=.05 ppm Methane ( as a gas ) Pure methane: TWA=0, STEL=0 Bromomethane: 5ppm STEL=0 Carbon dioxide In coal mines: TWA= 12,500 ppm STEL= 30000 ppm Regular: TWA= 5000 ppm STEL= 30,000 ppm Carbon monoxide: TWA= 30 ppm STEL=0 Hydrogen sulfide: TWA= 10 ppm STEL= 15ppm Respirable dust ( no silicon oxide ) Coal Dust: TWA = 3 mg/ M3 STEL=0 Soapstone: TWA = 3 mg/ M3 STEL=0 Vanadium: TWA = 0.05 mg/ M3 STEL=0 Graphite: TWA = 3 mg/ M3 STEL=0 Respirable dust ( with silicon oxide ) : TWA= 2 mg/m3 Oxides of Nitrogen: Nitrogen Triflouride: TWA= 10 ppm STEL=0 Azotic Oxide: TWA= 25 ppm STEL=0 Azotic Oxide: TWA=25 ppm STEL=0 Nitrogen dioxide: TWA= 3ppm STEL=0 Nitrogen tetroxide: TWA= 0 STEL=0 Define Dust, list and briefly describe the general preventive steps, which can be used to command or forestall exposure to high dust exposures. Dust caused by the mechanical decomposition of stuff can be defined as a aggregation of solid atoms which: Are dispersed in a gaseous medium ( normally air ) Are able to stay suspended in the air for a comparatively long clip Have a high surface country to volume ratio. So briefly, over the full scope of airborne stuffs, dust by and large has the largest atom size although it can exhibit a broad particulate scope. In general, dust can be defined an merger of assorted particulates ( solid affair ) that can divide and stay in suspension in air. Dust is by and large caused by mechanical weathering through, in the instance of mines, the usage of really big machines ( drills and crushers ) and blasts. Dust can either present an immediate jeopardy ( I, e, oculus annoyance ) or long term wellness effects ( radioactive atoms that stick to respirable dust which are later inhaled ) . Whether the effects are long term or short term, there are a figure of ways that duty callings can command or even extinguish dust. Preventive steps ( Elimination ) : This is the best manner among all. This includes irrigating to cut down dust formation when film editing and boring ; guaranting that cutting equipment is crisp, and utilizing oils to transport mine cuts to an enclosed country. Under these conditions, â€Å" the agencies of control † is through riddance. A concluding piece of equipment is a unsighted hole bore bit which traps the dust generated through an enclosure. Ventilation ( Engineering ) : This is an technology agencies of control dust through a proper airing system. Here the air must be able to be strong plenty to pick up the heavy dust atoms to cut down the sum of dust concentrating in the air or on the land. Dust extraction and filtration systems that pump in the ‘dusty ‘ air, filter out the atoms and so throw out ‘cleaner ‘ air. Removal of employees ( Administrative ) : This is an administrative attack where the employees are fundamentally removed from the jeopardy thereby extinguishing exposure. This is frequently non really practical, particularly in medium/small operations, or in rural operations where all employees are needed, or working rotary motion is non an option. Use of inhalator ( PPE ) : This is the least manner control nevertheless we have no other option. Here a worker uses a inhalator in order to filtrate out the dust, thereby understating hazard by cut downing exposure. However, many inhalators can be excessively heavy or cumbrous to cover with, particularly belowground. Discuss how methane is generated in mines. What are the cardinal hazards associated with methane, and how can the hazards be managed? Methane coevals in mines: This is produced by bacterial and chemical action on organic stuff and is evolved during both the formation of coal and crude oil. One of the most common strata gases. It is non toxic but is unsafe as it can organize an explosive mixture with air. A methane/air mixture normally called firedamp. Methane is normally associated with coal mines but it is besides normally found in other mines which are over or underlain by carbonous formations. Methane is retained within breaks, nothingnesss and pores within stone either as a tight gas or adsorbed on mineral surfaces. When mining disturbs the stone the gas force per unit area gradient set up between the reservoir of methane and the airing system induces flow of methane along natural or excavation induced breaks towards the gap. Key Hazard: Methane has no smell, but it is frequently accompanied by hints of heavier hydrocarbons in the paraffin series, which have a characteristic oily odor. The denseness of methane is a small over half that of air. This gives rise to the danger of methane layering in pools along the roof of belowground gaps. The perkiness of methane can besides do jobs in inclined workings. Methane Burnss in air with a pale blue fire. The explosible scope for methane in air is by and large quoted as 5-15 % with maximal explosibility at 9.8 % . The lower bound remains reasonably changeless, the upper bound reduces as the O content of air falls. To track the flammability of methane air mixtures a coward diagram as shown in figure 2 can be used. With relation to calculate 1: coward Figure 1: The coward diagram for methane in air. In zone A the mixture is non flammable but is likely to go so if farther methane is added. In zone B the mixture is explosive and has a lower limit nose value at 12.2 % O Zones C and D illustrate mixtures that may be in certain countries. Methane beds have two chief jeopardies associated with them: Layers extend the zones within which ignitions can happen When an ignition occurs the methane bed acts as an effectual fuse along which the fire can propagate, sometimes taking to much larger accretions in roof pits or in the mariner. Methane and Carbon dioxide ( mixtures of the two gases ) if mixed with N will do the dangers atmosphere. Because this associated with gas effusions are: Suffocation of mineworkers by gas and dust. Compressed air line of lifes may be maintained on or shut to faces that are prone to effusions. The force of the effusion may damage equipment, doing triping that may light the extremely flammable gas/dust mixture. The sudden enlargement of a big volume of gas can interrupt the airing system of the mine. To command and Manage: To command and pull off the hazard of Methane, foremost of all demand to cognize the beginnings and nature of methane, and how the methane is let go ofing and migrating. And so apprehension of hazards can easy take to larn of the methane hazard direction. The major systems as follows, In its of course happening province in a coal seam, firedamp does non represent an explosive hazard. However, where firedamp released from next seams meets â€Å" fresh-air † in the goaf, the firedamp is diluted and explosive mixtures ( around 5 % to 15 % methane in air ) are formed. Effective firedamp control is indispensable for safe working and involves supplying either: Face-End Ventilation and Gas Control: good designed Ventilation flow avoid the hazard of methane gas. Firedamp Drainage on Retreat Longwalls: Firedamp gaining control efficiencies on longwall faces typically lie between 60 % and 80 % of the entire gas on progressing faces and from 30 % to 60 % of the entire gas on retreat faces. Options and Addendums to Firedamp Drain: There are airing options applicable to some retreat longwall coalfaces which can rid of the demand for dearly-won firedamp drainage. Such methods ( eg. hemophiliac roads and sewer gate systems ) are aimed at deviating gas off from working coalfaces along paths separate from those used to serve the face. Goaf Flushing: Goaf flushing has been used for temporarily betterment of firedamp concentrations in a territory return but it is non a recommended gas control solution. The method is by and large applied to a fully-developed goaf ( Internet Explorer. where sufficient goaf has been created to organize a significant gas reservoir ) . The airing force per unit area across a territory is reduced, after work forces have been withdrawn, leting high gas concentration gas to migrate frontward into the return airway. Transport activities in the chief return may hold to be suspended. Finally, the equilibrium between gas flow into the waste and gas flow into the return is restored, the gas concentration in the territory return being at a higher concentration than earlier due to the reduced air measure. On reconstructing the original air flow, the gas is forced into the goaf, off from the face, therefore cut downing the emanation into the return until equilibrium conditions are one time once mor e obtained. This attack is non advised due to the uncontrolled release of elevated firedamp concentrations into air passages and across electrical equipment. Methane Drain: To bring forth gaseous fuel and/or to cut down methane emanations in to airing system its been used. Methane that is drained demands to be transported safely to the point of bringing, the substructure that is required to accomplish this consists of the followers: Pipe ranges, Proctors, Safety devices, Controls, Extractor pumps Other than all above mentioned, in single states they are following up regulations and ordinances to command and pull off the hazard of Methane. Here is an illustration UK statute law provinces, Electrical power must be switched off when the general organic structure concentration of methane exceeds 1.25 % . If methane concentration exceeds 2 % forces other than those associated with bettering the airing in the country should go forth the country. Discuss the beginnings and hazards associated with arsenic, quicksilver and nitriles. How can the hazards be managed? quicksilver Beginnings: Natural beginnings: Vents Volatilization from oceans Erosion of natural sedimentations Human Activities: Estimated to be 1/3-2/3 of the entire quicksilver released into the environment. Beginnings include: Stack losingss from cinnabar roasting The working and smelting of metals Coal fired power workss Discharges from mines, refineries and mills Combustion of coal and municipal wastes, industrial wastes and boilers Medical waste incinerators Pesticides Overflow from landfills/croplands quicksilver Hazards: Continuity: Can alter signifier, Can non be destroyed Solubility: Cinnabar ( HgS ) is indissoluble ( and resists enduring ) ; Liquid Hg is somewhat soluble in H2O. Bioaccumulation: Hg methylation signifiers CH3Hg+ which is easy absorbed by beings and biomagnifies from the underside to the top of the nutrient concatenation Bioaccumulates ( dressed ores ) in musculus and tissue of fish and other wildlife CH3Hg+ by and large increases by a factor of 10 or less with each measure up the nutrient concatenation Arsenic Beginnings: Arsenopyrite ( FeAsS ) is the most common arsenic mineral in ores and is besides a by-product associated with Cu, gold, Ag, and lead/zinc excavation. Arsenic trioxide ( Fe2As3 ) is present in flue gases from Cu ore roasting coal-burning power workss and incinerators besides may let go of As into ambiance. Water: mean concentration is 1 ppb, but can be & gt ; 1,000 ppb in mining countries ; As+5 most prevailing ; many compounds dissolve in H2O. Arsenic Hazards: Arsenic is a human carcinogen In worlds the primary mark variety meats are the tegument and vascular system birds, animate beings, workss, and freshwater fish can go contaminated Toxicity in H2O is determined by H2O temperature, pH, organic content, phosphate concentration, suspended dirts, presence of oxidizers, and speciation Nitriles Beginnings: Can leach from landfills and cyanide-containing route salts every bit good as to the ambiance from auto fumes ( hydrogen nitrile gas – HCN ) . Some nutrients ( Prunus dulciss and lima beans ) contain nitriles of course It can be produced by some bacteriums, Fungis, and algae Spills: Cyanide and other heavy metal pollutants overflowed a dike at Baia Mare, Romania, polluting 250 stat mis of rivers, and killing 1000000s of fish Most persistent in groundwater & A ; at higher pH Nitriles Hazards Oral lethal dosage of KCN for an grownup is 200 milligram Airborne concentrations of 270 ppm is fatal Long term exposure to lower degrees consequences in bosom strivings, take a breathing troubles, purging, blood alterations, concerns and thyroid secretory organ expansion CN does non bio-accumulate in fish Cyanide hazard Control Methods: Production: Encourage responsible nitrile fabrication by buying from makers who operate in a safe and environmentally protective mode. Transportation system: Protect communities and the environment during cyanide conveyance. Managing and Storage: Protect workers and the environment during nitrile handling and storage. Operationss: Manage cyanide procedure solutions and waste watercourses to protect human wellness and the environment. Decommissioning: Protect communities and the environment from nitrile through development and execution of decommissioning programs for nitrile installations. Worker Safety: Protect workers ‘ wellness and safety from exposure to cyanide Emergency Response: Protect communities and the environment through the development of exigency response schemes and capablenesss. Training: Train workers and exigency response forces to pull off nitrile in a safe and environmentally protective mode. Daily review of leach residue storage pools and shadowings bringing grapevines ; Incident coverage and a system of exigency processs ; Systems for informations recording, rating, reading and coverage ; Procedure technician preparation and consciousness of possible nitrile related jobs, including personal safety and impacts on the environing natural environment ; systematic records direction and certification of carnal mortalities ; Integrating cyanide direction processs into the site Environmental Management Plan which is presently being updated. Arsenic and quicksilver hazard control methods: The above mentioned methods are suited to follow Arsenic and quicksilver every bit good. However in practical universe, it depends upon the harmness, will change to importances of handling. Specify the intent of airing in belowground mines. What types of airings systems are common? The intent for airing in mines is to thin assorted signifiers of gases. These gases could be either a chemical jeopardy ( as in carbon-monoxide and dust ) or explosive physical jeopardies such as methane accretion along the roofs of mine shafts. Ventilation systems frequently come in the signifier of, fans which control air flow arrests and seals will seal escapes in peculiar to older mines Doors and air locks Regulators which is a door with an appropriate transition to keep air force per unit area gradients Aircrossings which allow suction and blowing airing systems to easy by base on balls one another and non let for cross taint Electrical power is normally employed in mines, what work patterns would you specify for the care of electrical equipment? Always to be Maintained, reviewed and modified mine power supply systems. Make certain Consistently inspect machineraries and carry out trials for mistakes and jeopardies Make certain ever the electrical equipment is decently viewed, so that arrange some visible radiations near electrical equipment in belowground mines to guarantee to be seeable. Make certain while Create processs to guarantee noise and electrical jeopardies ; over electromotive forces, current ordinance, noise degree decreases etc. , are maintained to allow legislative criterions. Without excessively much emphasis, seek to supply machinery that can be moved easy that are besides within legislative demands and can provide equal electricity Create an alternate power supply beginning in instance of machinery dislocation which allows to make care activities. For the speedy designation, install proper mine overseas telegrams with appropriate coloring materials coding system. And following safety regulations and ordinances besides makes the good work patterns for the care of electrical equipment. Failure to exert cautiousness may ensue in hurt, so cautiousness must be used when runing or mending electrical equipment When executing electrical work, ever use the proper protective equipment, such as: safety spectacless, protective baseball mitts, and a decently rated metre. State ordinances, Australian Standards and company policies are designed to guard against electrical jeopardies in the excavation industry. So following up those are really indispensable Wet conditions may eat metal electrical constituents and do their failure. Falling stone may damage an electrical overseas telegram or constituent. So need to avoid those sort of unsafe conditions before put ining at specific topographic points or demand to take attention to avoid those jobs. Exercise cautiousness to be used to utilize proper protective equipment when working with batteries. Because batteries could detonate and do hurt or could light and do fires. All have to be cognizant and particularly all electrician decently trained to Be watchful and knowing of the jeopardies of electricity. Make certain ever maintaining attitude tono electrical work can be performed until the electrical circuit is knocked, locked, and tagged. Always make certain the frame land is decently connected. No electrical work shall be performed except by a qualified individual. Circuit surfs and gulfs shall be marked for designation. Circuit interrupting devices or proper fuses, shall be installed to protect against short circuit and overloads. Unpluging devices shall be locked and tagged out. All electrical equipment shall be examined, tested, decently maintained, and consequences recorded as required Your mine employs grapevines to convey the followers: Compressed air Service H2O Methane Run of mine drainage H2O How would you guarantee that each grapevine can be readily identified by a speedy ocular review? Coloring the pipes with different sort of colorss may give solution to this instance. Examples: Blue coloring material for service H2O Red coloring material for Compressed air Green coloring material for Methane Yellow coloring material for mine drainage H2O This manner each pipe is easy visualised in the mine. A mark that demarcates the coloring material coding system will besides be necessary to clear up the coloring material cryptography system. Distinguish, with the usage of illustrations, the difference between major, chronic and minor incidents. What are the legal demands for describing these different types of incidents in your legal power? Incident is a happening of an event that has a non human component to it ( unlike accidents ) . Major incidents: Are sudden alterations which are dramatic, necessitate immediate responses, and are by and large dearly-won and a figure of human deaths. An illustration is methane gas effusions in belowground coal mines. Examples: Major fire, detonation Fatality Structural prostration Major equipment harm Major loss of production Typically cost 1000000s of moneys Chronic Incidents: Are events that result in an hurt ; is related to a figure of causes, and have effects that are lower in magnitude and strength than major incidents. Sometimes these events may do change in the normal processs in mines. Examples: Recuring quality divergence. Recuring equipment failure. System corrosion/erosion. Fleeting emanations. Slips, trips and falls. Minor Incidents: Or near miss incidents which do non involved in any loss or hurt but if a different event occurred, could do hurt or injury. When these incidents happened, the legal demand is 5 stairss: 1. Reporting 2. Gathering the Facts 3. Determine Cause ( s ) 4. Develop and Implement Corrective Action 5. Monitor and Review Discuss four theories of accident causing. Domino theory: It is developed by Herbert Hinrich ( Travelers Insurance Co ) in 1920.Says that hurts occur from actions that interact. The hurts are caused by insecure Acts of the Apostless by workers and are by and large preventable given proper safety preparation. It includes: Injuries arise from a set of complete actions Most hurts arise from insecure Acts of the Apostless Accidents are mostly preventable Insecure Acts of the Apostless can hold ulterior effects vs immediate Management should take control Harmonizing to Heinrich, five factors can take up to an accident: Lineage and societal environment Mistake of a individual Insecure mechanical or physical state of affairss The accident itself ( falls, being hit ) Injury: Typically lacerations and breaks Under this rubric, direction should take control and supply safety to workers. Human Factors Theory: Accidents are caused by human mistake under three chief factors: Overload ( instability in a individuals capacity ) Inappropriate Response: How a individual responds to a state of affairs Inappropriate Activity: Human mistake in judgement, action, way, etc. ) Accident and Incident Theory: Asper this theory, the environment is a cause alternatively of human mistake. The design and excessively high of outlook in work end product are the causes of accidents. Therefore, there is an indirect influence of direction and economic factors ( deadlines, agenda, budget, peer force per unit area etc. ) that can take to bad judgement and therefore accidents. The Accident and Incident Theory proposes a causal relationship exists between direction clime and focal point, and accident causing. Epidemiologic Theory: Accidents are caused by a ) sensitivity features ( cultural, physical charecteristics, societal norms ) B ) Situational characterisitics ( unequal preparation, small counsel, or direction â€Å" clime † ) . Under this theory there is a causing nexus between the environment and societal or mental factors. The Epidemiology theory holds that theoretical accounts used for survey and finding of disease can be utilized for accident causing as good ( a ) What is occupational hearing loss? A signifier of hearing loss due to the disfunction of the auditory nervus, ( i.e. hearing loss ) that is caused by the overexposure to noise degrees of high strength ) . This is besides called acoustic injury hearing loss Specify the footings frequence, strength, dubnium, dubnium ( A ) Frequency: The rate at which sound atoms vibrate through an elastic medium that the ear can comprehend as ‘sound ‘ . Frequency = Cycles per Second = Hertz = Hz 1000 Hz = 1 Kilohertz = 1 kilohertz = Human Voice Intensity: Intensity is the sum of energy going through a unit volume of air during a certain timeframe. dubnium: The dB ( dubnium ) is a logarithmic unit that indicates the ratio of a physical measure ( normally power or strength ) relation to a specified or implied mention degree. Amplitude = Loudness = Decibels = dubnium 60 dB = Average Speaking Voice dubnium ( A ) : It is the frequence response curve which is resembles the normal frequence hearing curve for most people. A metre utilizing this web will give a consequence which does hold some resemblance in degree to that degree which is experienced by most people The other manner we can state that, Noise is measured in dBs ( dubnium ) at a certain graduated table, such as A or C. The dB graduated table is logarithmic. That means, with a 5dB exchange rate, 95 dubnium is 100 % more noise than 90 dubnium. Specify the term Daily Noise Dose ; what factors influence this? Daily Noise Dose: The Daily Noise is an exposure criterion that measures the grade a individual working is able to be exposed to resound. Worksafe states that a degree of 85 dubnium ( S ) ( ie not additive criterion ) over 8 hr twenty-four hours ( much like the clip weight norm ( TWA ) exposure standard ) should non be breached, nor a peak degree of 140 dubniums at any specific clip should non be breached ( much like the TLV-STEL ) . If exposure to resound is to happen above these degrees a step of control upon noise is required. Harmonizing the National Institute for Occupational Safety – NIOSH – the day-to-day dosage degree – D – should non be or transcend 100. When the day-to-day noise exposure consists of periods of different noise degrees, the day-to-day dosage can be calculated as: D = ( te1 / td1 + te2 / td2 + †¦ + ten / tdn ) 100 % A A A A A A A A A ( 1 ) where D = day-to-day noise exposure ( % ) Te = exposure clip at a specified noise degree td = maximal continuance clip at a specified noise degree The day-to-day dosage can be converted to an 8-hr Time-Weighted Average -TWA by the expression TWA = 10 log ( D / 100 ) + 85A A A A A A A A ( 2 )