Films Made During World War II - 1628 Words

Films made during World War II provide a unique insight into the relationship between film and society. Frank Capra’s Why We Fight series, produced from 1942 to 1945, emphasises the use of film by government for the purpose of propaganda. The representations of war within similar texts promote an incomplete understanding of popular conceptions of life during the period. Consequently, the issues with this film as a historical source stress the overt influence of the director, and by extension, the government. This underlying intent behind the film is seen through the distinct purpose of propaganda strategy. The purpose-based production highlights the reciprocal relationship concerning popular conceptions of the war between society and film. Accordingly, study of these texts demonstrates how the ability of film to foster social cohesion in war complements its function as a shared cultural event. Films made during this period display some aspects of popular conceptions of life at war, despite their limitations as a historical source. For example, the simultaneous position of Why We Fight as propaganda and documentary gives insight into groups that accept or endorse its information. Notably, Capra’s series is â€Å"correctly described† as the centrepiece of the United States troop indoctrination programme, due to its reported success and distortion of fact. This combination reveals the overlap between the utilisation of film in this period as a source of both entertainment andShow MoreRelatedThe World War II Film, Casablanca794 Words   |  3 PagesCasablanca is a World War II film that was released in 1942. The film is all about World War II but there was no American involvement. Casablanca is considered propaganda slightly, but it is not overloaded with it. The film showed that the war was mainly between France and Germany. The film showed that the Americans were pretty neutral during this point because Pearl Harbor was not bombed yet, so we were not at war. The film portrayed Americans as neutral and Americans allies as weak, overall. ThereRead MoreThe Experience of a Refugee in Casablanca886 Words   |  4 Pages World War II was a period in which movies depicted a sense of patriotism from propaganda to training videos. The Germans invaded Poland and the World fell into frenzy. Americans, with the help of France, Russia, Great Britain and later on Italy, crushed the fronts of the Germans and stopped the Nazis from taking control of the world. With the mess of Japanese forces attacking Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 the United States entered World War II. One of the most famous movies to date came outRead MoreA Review of The Pianist Essay585 Words   |  3 PagesThe Pianist, directed and produced by Roman Polanski, depicts a pianists struggle for survival in a Warsaw Ghetto during World War II. The film really contains only two vital roles: the first one being Wladyslaw Szpilman played by Adrian Brody. The second role, Captain Wilm Hosenfeld, is played by Thomas Kretschmann. I watched the film on Sunday, the7th of September, at my place of residence. The movie is based on Szpilman’s autobiography The Pianist. The Pianist beginsRead More Saving Private Ryan - The Art of War Essay1072 Words   |  5 PagesThe Art of War Released in 1999, Saving Private Ryan shocked the United States. Devastatingly realistic, and never pulling a punch, Steven Spielbergs World War II film has gone down in history, winning multiple awards, and receiving praise from all around the world. Tom Hanks superb acting, coupled with Spielbergs artistic sense in regards to film making, unleashed a powerhouse of a cinematic experience. The film could not have hit theaters during a better time. The World War II veterans wereRead MoreGreatest Romance Film of All Time, Casablanca1049 Words   |  4 Pages Many denote Casablanca as one of the greatest romance films of all time, but there is more beyond what is going on between the leading man and the leading lady. When an individual ponders Casablanca, they may think of the romance aspect of it, but that is only one facet of this film. Although it probably was not viewed as such at the time, Casablanca is a historical record depicting the events of World War II. This film not only shows events and situations that occurred, but shows how people feltRead MoreThe Great Depression And World War II1280 Words   |  6 Pagescaptures the world as it is around him. There are also artists that create fiction to give the world and escape from reality. The medium of art that will be discussed in this essay will be film. Since the invention of Thomas Jefferson kinecto graph and the Lumiere brothers cinemtograph, films have continued to be the most popular entertainment methods in France and America. Since historical events have somewhat of an impact on the content in film, this essay will take a look at the effects of films yearsRead MoreA Neutral America in the War in the Film Casablanca893 Words   |  4 Pages In the film, â€Å"Casablanca†, it showed us that America was neutral in the war as Rick said, â€Å"I stick my neck out for nobody.† Rick is portrayed as America, although he seemed as if he was neutral he started to show that he was caving in for the underdog, just as America did when we started to get involved in the War. During the film when the Germans come into Rick’s cafà ©, Rick shows that he is aware of what is going on in the War, just as we Americans knew about all the concentration camps. AlsoRead MoreMovie Review: Oh What a Lovely War999 Words   |  4 PagesOh What a Lovely War: Oh what a lovely misrepresentation of history? The 1969 film Oh What a Lovely War is a British, anti-war satire created during the height of the anti-Vietnam sentiment in the U.S., which undoubtedly permeated the consciousness of British filmmakers. The film focuses on World War I, a war largely demonized as a pointless war that resulted in the death of Britains finest young men in senseless trench warfare. The generically-named Smith family is shown to embody the typicalRead MoreAnalysis Of Quentin Tarantino s The World Of Inglourious Basterds 1306 Words   |  6 PagesInglourious Basterds as a product of his imagination (Gilby 175). If one had watched the film, he can see that the film is based on the real World War II setting as it portrays actual key figures - Hitler, Goebbels, and Churchill - and events around that time, such as German occupation in Paris and the Holocaust. Even though the film uses actual World War II setting, the story as a whole is a pure fiction. The film is a fictional alternate history of two differe nt, but intertwined plots to assassinateRead MoreThe Film Atonement By Ian Mcewan1335 Words   |  6 PagesThe 2007 film Atonement was based on Ian McEwan’s original novel which he published in 2001 with the same title. The film was directed by British director Joe Wright and stars actor/ actresses James McAvoy, Keira Knightley, and Saoirse Ronan in this romantic war drama. Filming was done in locations throughout Great Britain, which is where most of the films setup takes place. The film was was nominated for seven Academy Awards and walked away with Best Original Score. Atonement begins in the Tallis

Communism And The Cultural Revolution - 1818 Words

Communism is fundamentally incompatible with Christianity or any form of religion because it is both organizationally and ideologically totalitarian. Since Communism is organizationally totalitarian, the government seeks to control the lives of all the nation’s citizens and is against any self-directed attempts to join organizations independent from the Communist Party, such as churches. As an ideologically totalitarian system, Communism aims to form all citizens’ opinions and values around a single doctrine; consequently, any opposing ideologies, such as Christianity, are not allowed. In 1966, Communist leader Mao Zedong launched the Cultural Revolution, which was an attempt to create a purely Communist China by eliminating the â€Å"Four†¦show more content†¦China defaces churches to destroy the physical manifestation of Christianity and undermine Christian faith; however, destruction during the Cultural Revolution was purely in the name of persecution, w hereas today it is justified by a legal pretense in order to evade foreign criticism. During the Cultural Revolution, Mao wanted to eradicate religion and the government seized churches to repurpose them as secular buildings. In Beijing, the North Church was turned into a middle school, the South Church became a processing factory, and the West Church was converted into a warehouse for medicinal herbs. By 1967, no churches in China were being used for Christian services. Mao had hoped to discourage Christians from continuing their faith by eliminating their traditional place of worship, but this tactic proved unsuccessful as communities moved underground and Christians continued to worship in secret. Although Mao was unsuccessful in stamping out the Christian faith, he effectively annihilated churches and any physical objects associated with Christianity. Mao’s merciless Red Guards traveled around China destroying crosses and sacred religious objects as well as burning down c hurches. This destruction was meant to emphasize Mao’s power over China and sometimes banners saying â€Å"Long Live Chairman Mao!† were hung over the ruins. The modern Chinese government has continued

Models Of User Involvement In Mental Health -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Models Of User Involvement In Mental Health? Answer: Introducation According to The Australian College of Nursing (ACN), the central tenet of underpinning the delivery of quality care is defined by the approach of Person-centred care or patient centred care (PCC). PCP deals with certain underlining ethical concept for instance; it provides preference in treating each person as separate individuals while framing the personalised care plan. Moreover, the concept of PCC also provides importance in protecting patients dignity, right and preferences via maintaining a healthy and mutually exclusive therapeutic relationship with the patient. Under this healthy relationship, the nurses are required to design the care plan via taking a informed consent from the client. Some of the notable benefits of the optimal application of PCC is reduced mortality rate following cardiac arrest or myocardial infarction, decreases in the rate of hospital acquired infection and hospital re-admission in aged care facilities (Australian College of Nursing 2014, p. 01). This essay is based on the understanding of the PCC and underpinning the theoretical knowledge. The essay highlights interview conducted with a cardiovascular stroke accident (CVS) or stroke recovered patient with upper limb hemiparesis in regard to PCC. Upon subsequent conduction of interview, the essay critically analyse PCC under the light of the patients understanding and then reflects possible recommendation to refinement of PCC. Case study overview The respondent here have recovered stroke but is suffering from limb impairment that is essential to therapeutic planning efforts in order to restore the function (Raghavan 2015, pp. 599). Therefore the treatment is designed to target the impairment that is responsible for the particular dysfunction at the given point of time (Raghavan 2015, pp. 599). Analysis of the person understanding of the disease process and treatment The respondent is suffering from weakness or paralysis of the upper limb and this is leading to delayed initiation and termination of the muscle contraction along with slowness in developing forces (Raghavan 2015, pp. 599). Thus the respondent is unable to move. Thus in regards to the PCC, the respondent is referred to avail wheel chair support for locomotion (Morris and Morris 2012, pp. 347-354). However, the patient is finding the use of wheelchair, demotivating as is gradually developing poor self-esteem (Gerling et al. 2014), pp. 2201-2210). During the course of interview, the patient has also complained that this use of wheelchair is done against his consent. He has also reported that he wish to stay bed-ridden if hes legs fail to function as usual. Under this circumstance it can be stated that the expectations of people in health care is changing as they are now taking more autonomy in their care (Mezzich and Miles 2011, pp. 20-21; Quill and Holloway 2012, pp. pp.541-543). In t his case study, patient was previously informed about his physiological condition and the probable therapy plan however; patient is considering himself to be a passive recipient and is unwilling to avail wheelchair option (Mezzich and Miles 2011, pp. 20-21). Here the use of medical diagnosis going in the favour of the ethical rule of beneficience. Ethical rule of beneficence promotes positive initiatives undertaken to help others (in this case the respondent). However, this ethical principal is going against the rule of autonomy where agreement to respect others right is given preference (Faith 2015, pp. 2-5; Mawere 2012, pp. 1). Although PCC promotes personalised care plan for the patients, it also give preference towards elicting and respecting patients preferences while engaging them in the care process (Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Healthcare 2011, pp.8). So in order to make the patient participate in the therapy plan whole-heartedly, nurses must get inside the skin of the concerned patient via listening to them while establishing dialogue with a view to create therapeutic relationship in which the patient is the key partner of discussion. The registered nurses should keep in mind that there is no place for the one size fits all approach in present day PCC (Mezzich and Miles 2011, pp. 20-21; Kitson et al. 2013, pp. 4-15). So in order to make this target patient (the interview respondent) to belief in the use of the wheel chair as the best fit for the therapy plan, the nurses are required to exert competencies in the field of communication, assessment and counselling. Via the optimal application of counselling, behaviour change strategies supporting the self-management of illness along with wellness will be achieved (Mezzich and Miles 2011, pp. 20-21). Via doing this, the patient will gradually understand the importance of wheelchair in the speedy recovery of the after stroke impairment. This understanding will lead to the spontaneous part icipation of the patient in the therapy and thereby helping him to recover fast (Storm and Edwards 2013, pp. 313-327; Peabody 2015; pp. 868-1868). Level of Improvement and engagement in the therapy plan In response to second question it can be stated that, the act of exercise of the hands has been undertaken in order to avoid the chances of learned non-use. Initially after the occurrence of CVA or stroke, the affected individuals may not use the affected portion of the upper limb and this is known as non-use (Raghavan 2015, pp. 599). Generally non-use may result due to paralysis and weakness or sensory loss. However, as the time progress, this non-use gradually becomes a habit and during the course of time, this habit gets transformed into permanent physiological change and is termed as learned non-use. Here in learned non-use, the individual is unable to move to incorporate functional activities with the particular part of the body even though they are now physically fit to mover it (Raghavan 2015, pp. 599). However, in this care, though the patient is participating in the therapy plan, he is anxious to see some positive changes. When he is unable to view the same, he is getting fr ustrated and is gradually losing hope on the treatment. Under this circumstance, therapy plan needs to be re-designed in order to suit the patient care needs (Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Healthcare 2011, pp. 8-9). The redesigning must be done ready accessibility of the health information (Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Healthcare 2011, pp. 8-9). If the patients is provided with the medical data of his course of improvement and is made to understand that though he is unable to manually experience the change in his hand movements but the spasticity of the hand is actually improving via taking reference to the medical records, his level of participation in the therapy will increase (Barry and Edgman-Levitan 2012, pp. 780-781). The elements in the care environment that support PCC must be modified like appropriate staff still mix along with the observance of the transformational leadership promoting the development of the effective nurse team who work under the unique traits of shared power and motivation and innovation (Lawrence and Kinn 2012, pp.295-326). This innovation will bring change in the patients approach towards the monotonous therapy and shift in the nurse roster will improvise change in the nursing care skills communication approach that will help the patient to motivate and increase in the therapy participation (Chaudoir, Dugan and Barr 2013, p.22). Apart from the nursing care centred innovation, the organisation must also come forward in order to make further improvement in the PCC (Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Healthcare 2011, pp. 8-9). In this regard, it will be the duty of the organisation officials to make positive approach towards the quality improvement. Here quality improvement can be achieved via taking feedback from the patients care experience along with clinical and operational data (Aiken et al. 2012, pp. 2012). All these data will act in collaboration to improvise the action plans. Li ke if the patient is anxious or failing to see any positive results, it is the duty of the organisational bodies to make refinement in the process of the exercise plan via working in sync with the healthcare professionals. Recommendation for the area of improvement As per my understanding about the PCC care, it is the duty of the registered nurses to place the patients need and interests at the core of their works. However, environmental attributes like inappropriate staff mix skills, lack of adequate funding or high treatment cost and focus on disease based model or evidence based approach on the therapy plan creates barrier towards the optimal implementation of the PCC (Australian College of Nursing 2014, p. 01). I also believe that the most effective ways to promote patient experience is to improvise the patient-centred consultation styles (Wyer et al. 2014, pp. 881-889). The change in the consultation styles can be achieved via proper communication training among the healthcare professionals and via taking periodic patients feedback through surveys performed in group or interviews taken individually. Strengthening of patient consultation styles will help to cast a positive impact on the patients knowledge thus facilitating informed decision making and active participation in the therapy plan. In this ground I would like to specially highlight the communication training of the healthcare professionals (Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Healthcare 2010, pp. 26-27). Proper communication skills will help the nurses to communicate information about the therapy plan and medicines used to process of disease treatment. This will help to improve the patients knowledge and understanding about the disease prognosis and thereby increasing the level of participation while staying motivated (Pinto et al. 2012, pp. 77-78). Moreover, this understanding increases patients confidence to undertake necessary actions in relation to health. The impact of patient knowledge and informed decision making increases further, when proper educational material comes in addition to verbal information of nurses. I have also highlighted patients survey towards the process of effective application of PCC. While conducting this interview I have understood that one-to-one communication with the patient helps to understand the loopholes of the therapy plan and thus making provision for the quality improvements in the therapy plan. However, patient feedback surveys need to properly planned and carefully implemented and must only be performed after taking active consent from the patient (Manary et al. 2013, pp. 201-203). Lastly I would like to recommend user centred design and redesign which is popular both in US and UK. The aim of this design is to improvise the physical care environment in order to improve patients experience of care. The user centred design is based on the principles of environmental psychology which gives preference to the spatial design towards promoting patients well-being and experience (Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Healthcare 2010, pp. 26-27). Proposed theoretical framework of PCC from the survey Thus from the above essay it can be concluded that PCC is an internationally acclaimed approach of promoting quality health care. In PCC, care is respectful and responsive to individual preference of the patients values and needs while ensuring the patients values is taken into consideration through clinical decision making. The prime approach that must be undertaken to modify PCC include improvising communication styles of the healthcare professionals, conducting proper surveys to understand the patients experience and user catered design. Moreover, the interview conducted also highlights the need of proper counselling of the patients in order to increase their participation in the therapy. References Aiken, L.H., Sermeus, W., Van den Heede, K., Sloane, D.M., Busse, R., McKee, M., Bruyneel, L., Rafferty, A.M., Griffiths, P., Moreno-Casbas, M.T. and Tishelman, C., 2012. Patient safety, satisfaction, and quality of hospital care: cross sectional surveys of nurses and patients in 12 countries in Europe and the United States.Bmj,344, p.e1717. Australian College of Nursing (ACN) 2014, Person-centred Care: Position Statement, Victoria, November, viewed 23 January 2018 https://www.acn.edu.au/sites/default/files/advocacy/submissions/PS_Person-centered_Care_C2.pdf Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Healthcare 2011, Patient centred care, Improving quality and safety through partnership with patients and consumers. viewed 23 January 2018 https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/PCC_Paper_August.pdf Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Healthcare, 2010. Patient-Centred Care: Improving Quality And Safety By Focusing Care On Patients And Consumers. September, viewed 23 January 2018. https://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/PCC_Paper_August.pdf Barry, M.J. and Edgman-Levitan, S., 2012. Shared decision makingthe pinnacle of patient-centered care.New England Journal of Medicine,366(9), pp.780-781. Chaudoir, S.R., Dugan, A.G. and Barr, C.H., 2013. Measuring factors affecting implementation of health innovations: a systematic review of structural, organizational, provider, patient, and innovation level measures.Implementation Science,8(1), p.22. Faith, K.E., 2015. Addressing issues of autonomy and beneficence in the treatment of eating disorders.National Eating Disorder Information Centre,6, pp.1-6. Gerling, K.M., Miller, M., Mandryk, R.L., Birk, M.V. and Smeddinck, J.D., 2014, April. Effects of balancing for physical abilities on player performance, experience and self-esteem in exergames. InProceedings of the 32nd annual ACM conference on Human factors in computing systems(pp. 2201-2210). ACM. Kitson, A., Marshall, A., Bassett, K. and Zeitz, K., 2013. What are the core elements of patient?centred care? A narrative review and synthesis of the literature from health policy, medicine and nursing.Journal of advanced nursing,69(1), pp.4-15. Lawrence, M. and Kinn, S., 2012. Defining and measuring patient?centred care: an example from a mixed?methods systematic review of the stroke literature.Health Expectations,15(3), pp.295-326. Manary, M.P., Boulding, W., Staelin, R. and Glickman, S.W., 2013. The patient experience and health outcomes.New England Journal of Medicine,368(3), pp.201-203. Mawere, M., 2012. Critical reflections on the principle of beneficence in biomedicine.Pan African Medical Journal,11(1). Mezzich, J. and Miles, A., 2011. The third Geneva Conference on Person-Centered Medicine.International Journal of Person Centered Medicine,1(1), pp.6-9. Morris, R. and Morris, P., 2012. Participants experiences of hospital-based peer support groups for stroke patients and carers.Disability and rehabilitation,34(4), pp.347-354. Peabody, F.W., 2015. The care of the patient.Jama,313(18), pp.1868-1868. Pinto, R.Z., Ferreira, M.L., Oliveira, V.C., Franco, M.R., Adams, R., Maher, C.G. and Ferreira, P.H., 2012. Patient-centred communication is associated with positive therapeutic alliance: a systematic review.Journal of physiotherapy,58(2), pp.77-87. Quill, T.E. and Holloway, R.G., 2012. Evidence, preferences, recommendationsfinding the right balance in patient care.Obstetrical Gynecological Survey,67(9), pp.541-543. Raghavan, P., 2015. Upper limb motor impairment after stroke.Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics,26(4), pp.599 Storm, M. and Edwards, A., 2013. Models of user involvement in the mental health context: intentions and implementation challenges.Psychiatric Quarterly,84(3), pp.313-327. Wyer, P.C., Alves Silva, S., Post, S.G. and Quinlan, P., 2014. Relationship?centred care: antidote, guidepost or blind alley? The epistemology of 21st century health care.Journal of evaluation in clinical practice,20(6), pp.881-889.

The Pros And Cons Of Fitting In Essay Essay Example

The Pros And Cons Of Fitting In Essay Essay In the existent universe today. people from every background have faced the world of societal life and where they believe they would boom the most. Although we think we are ever right in any given state of affairs. it neer truly turns out that manner and brushs with adjustment in and the determinations made to be included in a certain societal group acknowledge the fact that sometimes we are incorrect. A quotation mark by Rick Warren states. â€Å"Those who follow the crowd normally get lost in it. † This remark describes that one time we become a follower. it is hard to alter. and may go trapped in the life of making Acts of the Apostless and workss for the leader who takes all the recognition while we starve merely to maintain in the class of a follower. In both short narratives. â€Å"Greasy Lake† and â€Å"Initiation† . the chief characters are confronted with determinations that makes it really hard for them to draw themselves out of. The two narratives norm ally portion the same message that adulthood. enticements. and peer-pressure arise all the clip and how we deal with it determines our hereafter. We will write a custom essay sample on The Pros And Cons Of Fitting In Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Pros And Cons Of Fitting In Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Pros And Cons Of Fitting In Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In â€Å"Greasy Lake† . the narrarator faces actions he does that inquiries if the description associated with him is the individual he truly is or if he is merely a regular adolescent who thinks he already grew up and matured. For illustration. the writer in â€Å"Greasy Lake† . describes the chief character as a tough adolescent who takes on the function of an grownup even when he shows immatureness at minutes. â€Å"We were all unsafe characters so. We wore torn-up leather jackets. slouched around with toothpicks in our oral cavities. sniffed gum and quintessence and what person claimed was cocaine† ( T. Coraghessan Boyle ) . The characters in this short narrative do Acts of the Apostless that they will reflect subsequently on in life and recognize that they were merely infantile and highly nescient. Although most of them were 18 or above. and felt like nil could halt them. one adult male stood up to the three male childs and set them to the trial. In add-on. once the state of affairs got out of manus. they fled the scene proving that even the toughest teens have character defects. The fact that they fled like cowards truly questioned their unity and adulthood. but besides made people think if they would make the same even if it made them look like a â€Å"pansy† . Even with their dorsums against the wall they could care less how they looked at the minute because like any other human being safety comes foremost. Furthermore. the storyteller even sees himself as a kid afraid of turning up. but takes on the function of a tough person to suit in when he states. â€Å"Understood. and stumbled back in horror and repugnance. my head yanked in six different waies ( I was nineteen a mere kid. an baby. and here in the infinite of five proceedingss I’d struck down one oily character and blundered into an boggy carcas of a 2nd. ) † ( T. Coraghessan Boyle ) . The storyteller exploits the fact that he was still a kid who neer thought before he acted and in this case could hold cost him his life. He realizes that being a tough person suits other people. but non himself. All in all. the male childs came to the decision that being â€Å"bad† expressions and feels cool but frequently can take to tragic results when they give in to peer-pressure. In â€Å"Initiation† by Sylvia Plath. a inquiry pops up: Are they making these Acts of the Apostless because they want to or because everyone else does it? For illustration. the chief character in Initiation. Millicent. waited for a really long clip to acquire a opportunity to be initiated in a privy sorority. but realizes that the jobs assigned to her makes her inquiry if she truly wants to travel through with the whole induction. â€Å"Millicent looked down the aisle of the crowded aisle and felt all of a sudden rather ill. She thought: How will I of all time do it. traveling up to all those stony-faced people who are gazing in cold blood out of the window†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( Sylvia Plath ) . Certain induction darings like this one made Millicent repent desiring to be a portion of the sorority. but she overcame her frights and did all of the assignments asked upon her and it truly showed adulthood. Although Millicent did every job her big-sister asked her to make. she disobeyed the orders on occasion. and hence got punished for sometimes even smiling at a male child. There came a point in which Millicent became fearless of any act requested of her and the responsibilities became a game for her. â€Å"And from that clip on. inductions didn’t bother Millicent at all. She went gaily about Lewiston Square from shop to hive away inquiring for broken crackers and Mangifera indicas. and she merely laughed indoors when people stared and so brightened. replying her brainsick inquiries as if she were rather serious and truly a individual of consequence† ( Sylvia Plath ) . Initially. Millicent was a typical topic of how every miss acts in the procedure of induction. but Millicent came out of her shell. showed no failings. instead adulthood throughout the full procedure. â€Å"Greasy Lake† and â€Å"Initiation† are both narratives that truly stress the importance of adulthood and in state of affairss we need to maintain that adulthood and act like grownups instead than kids. In fact. in â€Å"Greasy Lake† the storyteller attempts a God atrocious act with the aid of his two brothers demoing no attention for others. In â€Å"Initiation† . Millicent completes her long fit end of going a member of the sorority. but alternatively shows adulthood in puting off from the group and feeling that she does non necessitate to be a follower to do friends or acquire noticed. â€Å"It was merely that she had learned there were other ways of acquiring into the great hall. blazing with visible radiations. of people and of life† ( Sylvia Plath ) . This quotation mark defines the exact message that dividing from the flock works out the best because one time that happens people will desire to be around an independent individual. Even wh en the safest function points to a follower. larning to step aside and see the other life of a leader exploits adulthood. Besides. in â€Å"Greasy Lake† . the storyteller shows his manhood. but right when the features of a â€Å"badass† slices. he commits the worst and feelings about him alteration. indicating out the bad features. â€Å"I came at him and brought the tyre Fe down across his ear. The consequence was instantaneous. astonishing. He was a stunt adult male and this was Hollywood. he was a large grimacing toothy balloon and I was a adult male with a consecutive pin. He collapsed. Wet his bloomerss. Went free in his boots† ( T. Coraghessan Boyle ) . The storyteller brought down what seemed to be a overly tough homo who was larger than most and held his ain against the three male childs until he was knocked out by a tyre Fe. The storyteller now felt unstoppable at this minute. and took it out on the man’s married woman who was wholly incapacitated. All together. the storyteller and Millicent made picks that affected their hereafter enormously positively or negatively . Peer-pressure frequently affiliates with bad vibraphones and elements. but how one deals with the state of affairs determines what sort of individual he/she reflects. Therefore. one often gets caught up in all the effects of peer-pressure and when that individual goes away with the act forced upon them. worse state of affairss stand in their manner. In add-on. the universe of peer-pressure quarries on the failings and exposure of people and attracts the incorrect crowd. In order to remain out of peer-pressure. the word â€Å"no† stands the biggest opportunity against the enticements that arise all the clip in people’s teenage old ages and sometimes subsequently on in life. All in all. people do non recognize how strong and affectional peer-pressure becomes. and one time entangled in the midst of it. the chance of avoiding it is highly hard.

Command of Evidence 3 Key SAT Writing Strategies

Command of Evidence 3 Key SAT Writing Strategies SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Questions that fall under the umbrella of the Command of Evidence SAT subscore appear on both the Reading and Writing sections of the SAT.This article will focus exclusively on Command of Evidence questions in the Writing section, including examples from practice tests, answer explanations, and test-taking tips that are specific to these types of questions.Head over to this article instead if you're looking for a detailed discussion of Command of Evidence questions in the Reading section. What Are Command of Evidence Questions? What Do They Test? Command of Evidence is one of the new subscores on the SAT.There are 18 total Command of Evidence questions on the test (Reading and Writing together), eight of which will appear on the Writing section.Your raw score out of 18 will be translated into a final subscore out of 15. Command of Evidence questions on the Writing section ask you to improve the ways passages develop information and ideas.You might choose an answer that sharpens an argumentative claim or adds a relevant supporting detail.The three types of Command of Evidence questions that exist in the Writing section are the following (names of categories were provided by me, not the College Board): Type 1: Setting the Stage - Choose the right piece of evidence to include in the passage to set up the information the author presents later. Type 2: Logical Additions - Decide whether the author should add a given sentence to the passage strengthen the argument (and why or why not) or choose the best sentence to add out of four possibilities. Type 3: Data Descriptions - Choose the best way to phrase the passage so that it accurately reflects the data provided. In the next section, I’ll take you through example questions from each of these categories so you can see exactly how to answer them on the test. Examples of Command of Evidence Questions on Writing In this section, I'll provide real examples and answer explanations for all three categories of Command of Evidence questions. Type 1: Setting the Stage Here’s an example of the first type of question. You’re asked to choose the phrase that most effectively introduces information in the passage: We have to decide whether the information flows well with the current phrasing or if â€Å"leading the way† should be replaced with one of the other three phrases to make things clearer.Choice B, â€Å"being cleaned and restored,† doesn’t quite fit because it relates to the information before that sentence, not the information that follows in the rest of the paragraph.It’s also superfluous because the author already stated that artists have been cleaning and restoring the murals. It can be inferred that â€Å"America Tropical† is included in this. Choice C, â€Å"at risk of destruction,† is also incorrect because the rest of the paragraph mentions nothing about the mural being at risk of destruction.It’s just talking about the mural's new status as a tourist attraction.This is an irrelevant answer based on the evidence. Choice D, â€Å"awaiting its moment of appreciation,† almost fits, but it’s still wrong.The mural isn’t AWAITING its moment of appreciation based on the last two sentences. It’s already being appreciated as a major tourist attraction. Choice A, NO CHANGE, is the only answer that makes sense.The paragraph goes on to support the claim that the mural is â€Å"leading the way† by discussing its status as the first restored mural to become a prominent tourist destination and inspiration for cultural preservation. Final Answer: A Another dope painting by Siqueiros (El Museo Nacional de Arte,used under CC by 2.0) Type 2: Logical Additions For this question type, you have to decide whether the author should include a sentence in the passage to reinforce his or her point OR decide which sentence out would make the most sense in the passage.I’ll give two question examples in this case because there are two different formats that you’ll see for this type of question.Here’s the first one (using the same part of the passage that we looked at in the last subsection): This question requires a little more context to find the right answer.First, read the passage with the suggested sentence inserted to get a sense of whether or not it should be included (I’ll wait).When you add the sentence, it feels like an inappropriate interruption that diverts attention from the main focus of the paragraph. It seems repetitive given that we already know the mural is considered a "powerful work."This narrows our options down to the two â€Å"no† answers, C and D. Is the information in the sentence already given earlier in the passage? Looking back, you can see that it was (this question comes from new SAT sample practice test four if you want to read the whole passage), so C is a possibility.What about D? Well, if the information was in the passage at one point, then the claim IS supported by the passage, so D has to be wrong. Final Answer: C Here’s another example of the same type of question formatted slightly differently: This time, we have to pick the best sentence out of four choices to insert into the paragraph.As it says in the question, we're looking for the sentence that best supports the author’s claim that there’s nothing wrong with nonorganic food. Choice A has nothing to do with the author’s point, and, in fact, could serve as part of a counterargument (organic foods are more tightly regulated, so they’re safer for consumers!).We can rule out this one. Choice B could also be a part of a counterargument - organic food is regulated to eliminate artificial ingredients! That's not helping the author’s case.Get rid of choice B too. Choice C makes sense because it explains how the already small risks associated with ingesting pesticides can easily be eliminated just by washing or peeling nonorganic fruits and vegetables before eating them.This takes the author’s argument further and reinforces the main point of the paragraph. Choice D is incorrect because it’s talking about the widespread use of pesticides,and the author is looking to deemphasize the impact of pesticide use.This answer can be eliminated, and we’re left with Choice C! Final Answer: C Organic food successfully tapped into the flourishing market of suburbanites trying to one-up each other based on ultimately meaningless lifestyle choices. Type 3: Data Descriptions The final type of evidence question on the Writing section will ask you to look at data and make sure it lines up with the information in the passage.Here’s an example: This question is simple if you read carefully, but it’s easy to get confused if you’re rushing.I actually read the passage incorrectly at first and thought the answer key had made a mistake! This question is careless mistake central. Let’s look at the choices.In the original version of the passage, the descriptions of where each term is used do not correspond to the information on the map.The passage says that â€Å"soda† is the term most commonly used in the middle and western regions of the US while the map shows that â€Å"pop† is most common in these regions.The first term in the passage should be â€Å"pop† if all the other information is kept the same, so the answer is either B or C.The original passage goes on to say that â€Å"pop† is most common in southern states, which we know to be false.According to the map, it’s actually â€Å"coke.†The only answer that starts with â€Å"pop† and â€Å"coke† is choice C, so that’s the one we want! Final Answer: C What do you call this stuff? If you answered "fizz juice," you'll never belong anywhere. Tips for Answering Command of Evidence Questions on SAT Writing Here are a few key Command of Evidence tips for when you come across these types of questions in the Writing section. Tip #1: Plug in the Answer If you’re given several different options for the appropriate phrase to insert, start reading one or two sentences before the question number shows up in the paragraph.Read through that part of the paragraph in its modified form, and then continue reading for a sentence or two afterward to see if it really makes sense in the flow of the passage (and based on the facts presented in the paragraph). Command of evidence questions never take place in a vacuum, so it’s critical to read the surrounding text to make sure you have the right answer.Plugging in the potential answer and reading it through carefully is the best way to assess the viability of your choice. Tip #2: Find Direct Support The whole point of these questions is to test your ability to pick out answers that make the most sense based on the information in the passage.For every choice you make, you should be able to find part of the passage (or figure) that directly supports your answer.This is a good way to double-check that you didn’t make any unfounded assumptions (or reading mistakes) to arrive at your answer. Tip #3: Read Carefully The Writing section requires strict attention to detail, so try not to rush, and double-check your answers by reading them over again in the context of the passage.Pay attention to the tone and flow of the passage as a whole.There are a few questions where you’ll need to refer to evidence earlier in the passage to confirm your answers, like the question we did in the Logical Additions category. The sentence didn’t make sense because it repeated information that was already stated earlier in the passage. Working methodically on these questions will prevent you from missing out on details or switching parts of the question around by accident.If you come across a data interpretation question, you should be completely sure of what the graph or chart is telling you before answering the question.Some of the SAT's data representations are more nuanced than you might expect. You must become one with the data. It's the only way. Conclusion Command of Evidence is a subscore category on the SAT that spans across the Reading and Writing sections. Command of Evidence questions show up in the Writing section of the SAT in several different forms. The three varieties I've identified are: Setting the Stage (questions that ask you to choose the best phrase to insert to make information flow logically) Logical Additions (questions where you have to decide whether it makes sense to add something to the passage or not) Data Descriptions (questions that refer to charts or graphs and ask you to ensure that the information in the passage matches up with the data provided) A few tips for answering these types of questions are: Tip #1: Plug in the Answer Tip #2: Find Direct Support Tip #3: Read the Passage Carefully For Command of Evidence questions, finding the right answer is all about attention to detail and strong reading comprehension skills. Be sure to practice reading passages and paying attention to context so you can make the correct choices based on the evidence at hand. What's Next? If you're looking for more ways to improve your performance, check out our list of five key strategies that will help you excel on the Writing section. You can also use this article to review the most important grammar rules for the SAT Writing section. Speaking of writing, are you taking the SAT with the essay section? Learn more about how to get an awesome essay score. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Writing and grammar lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Five Tips for Creating a Phenomenal Newsletter

Five Tips for Creating a Phenomenal Newsletter to read and share but also urges them to act in a manner that generates sales. This goes beyond the basic, and frankly overused, taglines such as â€Å"I have a gift for you,† or â€Å"Buy my book for a free gift.† This type of marketing push is vague and lacks the creativity you possess as a writer, so here are five stress-free ways to give your newsletter that coveted edge. 1 Use the subject line to offer a specific value. Since newsletters 2 Lead with your most important information. Pre-sales, book signings, product launches- put whatever is most important to you at the top. Think like a newspaper writer. Lead with the headline. Everything above the fold of the newspaper (or in this case the vertical scroll of your device’s screen) equals the information the audience is most likely to see and digest. 3 Design graphics that tell the tale at a glance. People are busy and don’t always have time to read thoroughly. Use graphics to convey your message quickly. Ensure the content is shareable and eye-catching. Consider creating infographics that outline the flow of your series or the love quadrangles in your book. Reuse them on your website and social media to reinforce your brand. 4 Give the audience a call to action. open the email, give them something to do. This is where you can say, â€Å"buy my book† or â€Å"go to my website.† Or maybe, the call to action isn’t about your product. Maybe you just want to do something fun with your audience like have them join you for a Facebook live or encourage them to live tweet the latest episode of The Bachelor. Give every newsletter a call to action to keep your audience engaged and to build their trust in your brand. 5 Integrate your e-newsletter with your social media. can arrive at your Instagram with a single click. Take advantage of this if you’re not already doing so. Then each time you get a new follower on social media, send them a link to your website with a thank you note and an opportunity to get something free if they share your content with others. something of value in exchange for their email . . . and their loyalty. Experiment with what works, but always strive to find new ways to make your newsletter more effective.

Cesar Chavez's Plan Delano Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cesar Chavez's Plan Delano - Essay Example "The Plan of Delano" is the Proclamation issued by La Causa when the National Farm Workers' Association voted to join the Filipino grape pickers' strike in 1965. It spells out the platform of Cesar Chavez' peaceful yet forceful demand for farm workers' welfare and labor reforms to end the injustice that has been oppressing them. He calls it a pilgrimage, a journey that moves towards a hopeful end. This journey is bathed in the blood and sweat of their forefathers in the last one hundred years. He says that they are not afraid to suffer for the sake of attaining their goals of a better life and development. The Plan is a six-point proposition that entails the following: 1. It is going to be a peaceful rally seeking for their basic human rights, quoting Benito Jurez: "El respeto al derecho ajeno es la paz" (Respect for the rights of others is the way to peace); 2. It calls for the "support of political groups and protection of the government," for in the past they have been ignored and less favored; 3. It is also a call for support from the Church of all denominations believing that "God shall not abandon" them; 4. It further calls for endurance amidst the suffering; 5. It also calls for unity, for there is strength in being united; and 6. Finally, it calls for unarmed revolution. This Proclamation has not only been limited to the area where Chavez and his followers belong but it has been a window to the heart and soul of the Mexicans all over the world. For instance, Lorena Oropeza, in "Raza S! Guerra No!: Chicano Protest and Patriotism during the Viet Nam War Era, valorizes the Chicano patriotism and protest as she refers to the "Plan de Delano" as "a ringing plea for dignity and equality for all farmworkers" (72). In addition, the Postmodern Political Communication: The Fringe Challenges the Center edited by Andrew King mentions that the "Plan of Delano" was Top of Form "inspired by [Emiliano] Zapata" (88) and is a "reflection of the ideas of a Chicano prophet, Cesar Chavez" (93). Further, the book states that "His (Chavez) Plan of Delano, like all his rhetoric, focuses on this moral view of the world" (94) as it "presents a powerful call for unity among Mexican-Americans" (96). Looking into the text, one can glean the admirable and ideal characteristics of this action for a cause. Unlike the present strikes and rallies all over the world, particularly in Third World countries, Chavez' group exemplifies one that is peaceful, impartial, spiritual, enduring, united and unarmed as spelled out in the six-point plan. Works Cited The Plan of Delano. (18 April 2008). This site contains the full text of the platform of Chavez's call for a peaceful strike that demands for reforms regarding the social injustices that the farm workers are subjected to. Csar E. Chvez. Social Justice and Civil Rights. California Department of Education. (18 April 2008). This site contains a comprehensive collection of materials and articles pertaining to Cesar Chavez and his

Paul and Elder Critical Thinking Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Paul and Elder Critical Thinking - Assignment Example Intellectual courage is also another very important trait that an intellect should have. This is having a conscious to face and address presented ideas and believes or points of views of other individuals. One should not just take believes and theories from people irrespective of their educational background. All the ideas presented should be subjected to questioning so that facts can be extracted from the claims presented. Critical thinking involves people analyzing thoughts of other people to find out if there is an error of reasoning in the thinking aspects. We should not consider anything said or written to be true because there might be a given form of information distortion and hence it’s our obligation as listeners to determine that particular distortion and correct it through meaningful questioning and giving the possible answers. The third and very important intellectual trait discussed is the intellectual empathy. This is the conscious that is brought out during a thinking and imagination process. Errors in imagination should not be taken lightly. This can be described as a way of putting oneself in the imaginative shoes so that one can exactly understand the feeling and the meaning of a given imagination presented to the public. This trait also reminds one at a given past when the thinking to a given issue that was not all as what was expected. Each person must at one point differ with other individuals especially colleagues in the thinking process. Hence remembering is an important factor presented by this trait. Other traits include intellectual integrity, intellectual perseverance, faith in reasoning and fair-mindedness. All these traits once adopted, an error in reasoning cannot occur. Hence each individual should struggle to think rightly to avoid any form of miscommunication or distortion of the intended message that is to be passed

Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) Essay Example for Free

Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) Essay 1. Introduction: To accelerate the progress of sanitation in rural areas, Government of India is implementing from 1.4.2012, the ‘Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA)’, a Centrally Sponsored Scheme [earlier Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)]. Similarly, to provide drinking water to rural population in adequate quantity, the Govt. of India is implementing a centrally sponsored Scheme called the National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP). New Delhi: The union cabinet Wednesday gave its approval for restructuring of â€Å"Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan† into Swachh Bharat Mission. The programme is aimed at creating a clean India by 2019 with peoples participation. The cabinet has approved the Swachh Bharat Mission, union Law Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad said here after a cabinet meeting chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Prasad said the mission will be launched Oct 2, the birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. The prime minister has been striving to make the mission a mass movement. The cabinet also approved a Swachh Bharat Mission for urban areas, which will be part of a joint Swachh Bharat Mission which has another component for rural areas. The drinking water and sanitation ministry will implement the programme in rural areas while the urban development ministry will do the same in urban areas. The Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan will be restructured into the Swachh Bharat Mission with two sub-missions Swachh Bharat Mission (rural) and Swachh Bharat Mission (urban). Budgetary provisions for the two sub-missions will be provided separately in the demand for grant of the ministries of drinking water and sanitation (for rural) and ministry of urban development (for urban), an official statement said. â€Å"I take this pledge that I will remain committed towards cleanliness and devote time for this. I will devote 100 hours per year — that is two hours per week — to voluntary work for cleanliness. I will neither litter nor let others litter. I will initiate the quest for cleanliness with myself, my  family, my locality, my village and my work place. I believe that the countries of the world that appear clean are so because their citizens don’t indulge in littering nor do they allow it to happen. With this firm belief, I will propagate the message of Swachh Bharat Mission in villages and towns. I will encourage 100 other persons to take this pledge which I am taking today. I will endeavour to make them devote their 100 hours for cleanliness. I am confident that every step I take towards cleanliness will help in making my country clean.† Narendra Modi 2. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: The present goal under NBA is to achieve 100% access to sanitation for all rural households by 2022. Under Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA), the Goal is now pre-phoned to make India Open Defecation Free (ODF) India by 2019 by construction of individual, cluster community toilets; and villages will be kept clean, including through solid and liquid waste management through Gram Panchayats. Water pipelines have to be laid to all villages enabling tap connection into households on demand by 2019. In this matter, co-operation and convergence of all Ministries, Central State schemes, CSR bilateral/multilateral assistance may become necessary as well as new innovative ways of funding such interventions. In a federal set-up like ours, where sanitation and water are state subjects, it is all the more important that states take the initiative to complete all activities to achieve Swachh Bharat by 2019 by dove-tailing all schemes Central or State. Swachh Bharat Mission: Facts and Figures Project Cost: Rs. 1,96,009 crore Project Start Date: 2nd October 2014 Project Estimated End Date: 2nd October 2019 Ministries Involved in Project: Ministry of rural development, ministry of urban development, ministry of drinking water and sanitation, Public Sector Undertakings ( PSUs), corporations, NGOs, state governments etc. Purpose of Project: To make India a filth-free country in five years, to construct community and public toilets in rural and urban areas, to provide running water supply, to treat waste water, to keep roads, pavements and localities clean etc. 3. BACKGROUND: 3.1 Individual Health and hygiene is largely dependent on adequate availability of drinking water and Proper sanitation. There is, therefore, a direct relationship between water, sanitation and health. Consumption of unsafe drinking water, improper disposal of human excreta, improper environmental Sanitation and lack of personal and food hygiene have been major causes of many diseases in Developing countries. India is no exception to this. Government started the Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) in 1986 primarily with the objective of improving the quality of life of the rural People and also to provide privacy and dignity to women. 3.2 The concept of sanitation was expanded to include personal hygiene, home sanitation, safe water, Garbage disposal, excreta disposal and waste water disposal. With this broader concept of sanitation, CRSP adopted a â€Å"demand driven† approach with the name â€Å"Total Sanitation Campaign† (TSC) with effect From 1999. The revised approach emphasized more on Information, Education and Communication (IEC), Human Resource Development, Capacity Development activities to increase awareness among the rural people and generation of demand for sanitary facilities. This enhanced people’s capacity to Choose appropriate options through alternate delivery mechanisms as per their economic condition. The Programme was implemented with focus on community-led and people centred initiatives. Financial incentives were provided to Below Poverty Line (BPL) households for construction and usage of Individual household latrines (IHHL) in recognition of their achievements. Assistance was also extended for construction of school toilet units, Anganwadi toilets and Community Sanitary Complexes (CSC) apart From undertaking activities under Solid and Liquid Waste Management (SLWM). 3.3 To give a fillip to the TSC, Government of India also launched the Nirmal Gram Puraskar (NGP) that Sought to recognise the achievements and efforts made in ensuring full sanitation coverage. The award Gained immense  popularity and contributed effectively in bringing about a movement in the community for attaining the Nirmal Status thereby significantly adding to the achievements made for increasing the Sanitation coverage in the rural areas of the country. 3.4 Encouraged by the success of NGP, the TSC is being renamed as â€Å"Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan† (NBA). The Objective is to accelerate the sanitation coverage in the rural areas so as to comprehensively cover the rural community through renewed strategies and saturation approach. Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) envisages covering the entire community for saturated outcomes with a view to create Nirmal Gram Panchayats with following priorities: Provision of Individual Household Latrine (IHHL) of both Below Poverty Line (BPL) and Identified above Poverty Line (APL) households within a Gram Panchayat (GP). Gram Panchayats where all habitations have access to water to be taken up. Priority May be given to Gram Panchayats having functional piped water supply, Provision of sanitation facilities in Government Schools and Anganwadis in Government Buildings within these GPs Solid and Liquid Waste Management (SLWM) for proposed and existing Nirmal Grams Extensive capacity building of the stake holders like Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), Village Water and Sanitation Committees (VWSCs) and field functionaries for Sustainable sanitation. Appropriate convergence with MNREGS with unskilled man-days and skilled man-days 4. OBJECTIVES: The main objectives of the NBA are as under: a) Bring about an improvement in the general quality of life in the rural areas. b) Accelerate sanitation coverage in rural areas to achieve the vision of Nirmal Bharat by 2022 with all gram Panchayats in the country attaining Nirmal status. c) Motivate communities and Panchayati Raj Institutions promoting sustainable sanitation facilities through awareness creation and health education. d) To cover the remaining schools not covered under Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) and Anganwadi Centres in the rural areas with proper sanitation facilities and undertake proactive promotion of Hygiene education and sanitary habits among students. e) Encourage cost  effective and appropriate technologies for ecologically safe and sustainable Sanitation. f) Develop community managed environmental sanitation systems focusing on solid liquid waste Management for overall cleanliness in the rural areas. 5. STRATEGY: The strategy is to transform rural India into ‘Nirmal Bharat’ by adopting the community led and People centred strategies and community saturation approach. A demand driven approach is to be continued with emphasis on awareness creation and demand generation for sanitary facilities in houses, Schools and for cleaner environment. Alternate delivery mechanisms would be adopted to meet the Community needs. The provision of incentives for individual household latrine units to the poorest of the poor households has been widened to cover the other needy households too so as to attain Community outcomes. Availability of water in the Gram Panchayat shall be an important factor for sustaining sanitation facilities created. Rural School Sanitation remains a major component and an entry Point for wider acceptance of sanitation by the rural people. Wider technology options are being provided to meet the customer preferences and location- specific needs. Intensive IEC Campaign is the Corner stone of the programme involving Panchayati Raj Institutions, Co-operatives, ASHA, Anganwadi Workers, Women Groups, Self Help Groups, and NGOs etc. A roadmap for engagement of corporate houses is being introduced. More transparent system involving social audit and active people’s participation in the implementation process of NBA is being introduced. Convergence with MNREGS shall also be Important to facilitate the rural households with fund availability for creating their own sanitation Facilities. 6. IMPLEMENTATION: The Guidelines of NBA and the provisions hereunder are applicable with effect from 01.04.2012. Implementation of NBA is proposed with ‘Gram Panchayat ‘as the base unit. A project proposal that Emanates from a district is scrutinized and consolidated by the State Government and transmitted to The Government of India (Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation) as a State Plan. NBA is to be Implemented in phases with start-up activities. Funds are  to be made available for preliminary IEC work. The physical implementation gets oriented towards satisfying the felt-needs, wherein individual Households choose from a menu of options for their household latrines. The built-in flexibility in the Menu of options gives the poor and the disadvantaged families opportunity for subsequent up gradation Depending upon their requirements and financial position. In the â€Å"campaign approach†, a synergistic Interaction between the Government agencies and other stakeholders is essential. To bring about the desired behavioural changes for relevant sanitary practices, intensive IEC and advocacy, with Participation of NGOs/ Panchayati Raj Institutions/resource organizations is envisaged. NBA will be implemented with a district as the project. The States/UTs are expected to Prepare/revise NBA Projects for all the districts, consolidate at State level as State Plan and submit Before the Government of India. 7. COMPONENTS OF NBA The Programme components and activities for NBA implementation are as follows: (a) Start-Up Activities: The start-up activities include a. Conducting of preliminary survey to assess the status of sanitation and hygiene practices. b. Base line survey. c. Orientation of key personnel at the district/GP level. d. Preparation of State Plan. The cost of Start-up activities will be met from the IEC funds up to Rs. 10 Lakh. Additional fund. Requirement, if any, shall be met by the State. (b) IEC Activities: Information, Education and Communication (IEC) are important components of the Programme. These intend to trigger the demand for sanitary facilities in the rural areas for households, schools, Anganwadis and Community Sanitary Complexes through behavioural change. The activities carried out under these components should be area specific and should also involve all sections of the rural Population. IEC is not a one-time activity. IEC  strategy and plan to be drawn to include creation of Demand leading to construction and use in a sustained manner. IEC should be conducted at all tiers i.e. Districts, Blocks and Gram Panchayat. A national communication strategy framework has been developed by Government of India giving Emphasis on Inter Personal Communication (IPC) at the grassroots level. The states are to evolve their own strategy using folk media, mass media and also outdoor media like wall painting, hoarding etc. The IEC should also focus on health and hygiene practices and environmental sanitation aspects. Interpersonal communication and door to door to door contact are recognised as the most Significant tools for attaining the programme goals. In order to strengthen communication machinery at the village level with participatory social mobilization, guidelines for engagement of village level Motivators (Swachchhata Doot / Sanitation Messengers) have been issued separately. As part of this Strategy, in addition to Swachchhata Doots, field functionaries like Bharat Nirman Volunteers, ASHA, Anganwadi workers, School Teachers etc. can also be engaged at the village level for demand creation and taking up behaviour change communication. The motivator can be given suitable incentive from the Funds earmarked for IEC. The incentive will be performance based i.e. in terms of motivating the Number of households and schools/ Anganwadis to construct latrines and use them. Each project district should prepare a detailed IEC plan along with the Annual Action Plan with Defined strategies to reach all sections of the community. The aim of such a communication plan is to motivate rural people to adopt hygiene behaviour as a way of life and thereby develop and maintain all Facilities created under the programme. The Annual IEC Action Plan should be duly approved by the DWSC/DWSM. The Communication and Capacity Development Units (CCDUs) / Water and Sanitation Support Organisations (WSSOs) set up at the state level must support the districts in developing a good IEC plan and also in implementing it. Observance of Sanitation Day/ Sanitation Week / Sanitation Fortnight should be essential component of the Annual Action Plan. For effective dissemination of the IEC material, funds may also be provided under this component To blocks and gram Panchayats for execution of works. The development of such material executed by the Panchayats may be standardized by the district or the CCDU. The IEC funds should be broadly divided into pre Nirmal and Post- Nirmal phase so as to have Funds for sustaining the movement. The project districts, however, shall have the flexibility of deciding this division depending on the baseline survey reports and rate of acceleration of sanitation coverage. Funds available under IEC may be used for imparting hygiene education to the rural communities, General public, as well as children in schools. The IEC plan should include a component for rising Awareness among school going children, teachers and PTAs. IEC funding will be in the ratio of 80:20 between GOI and the State Governments and the total IEC Cost including start up grant will be limited to 15% of the total project cost. (c) Capacity Building: This component is for training of VWSC and PRI members, block and district functionaries and Grass root functionaries like ASHA and other health, education and related functionaries, Anganwadi Workers etc. SHGs can be trained in trades such as masonry work, brick-making, toilet pan making and Plumbing etc. as also for awareness raising activities. NGOs/CBOs of repute can be engaged for this Activity. State Resource Centres and Regional / District Resource Centres should be identified for Conducting such trainings. Capacity building funding will be in the ratio of 80:20 between GOI and the State Governments and will be limited to 2% of the IEC budget. (d) Construction of Individual Household Latrines: A duly completed household sanitary latrine shall comprise of a Toilet Unit  including a super Structure. The programme is aimed to cover all the rural families. Incentive as provided under the Scheme may be extended to all Below Poverty Line (BPL) Households and Above Poverty Line Households (APL) restricted to SCs/STs, small and marginal farmers, landless labourers with homestead, physically handicapped and women headed households. The construction of household toilets should be undertaken by the household itself and on completion and use of the toilet; the cash incentive can be given to the household in recognition of its achievement. The incentive amount to Below Poverty Line (BPL) household/identified APLs for construction of one unit of IHHL shall be Rs.4600.00n (Rs.5100.00 for difficult and hilly areas). The central share out of this shall be Rs.3200.00 (Rs.3700.00 in case of hilly and difficult areas) and State Government share shall Be Rs.1400.00. Minimum beneficiary share shall be Rs.900.00 in cash or labour. State Governments are allowed the flexibility to provide higher incentive for a household toilet, of the same or higher unit costs from their own funds. All houses constructed with the central or/and state assistance should invariably Have suitable sanitation facility as an integral part. However, all houses constructed by the beneficiaries Under Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) or any other state rural housing scheme which did not have toilets shall also be eligible for the incentive as above for creation of sanitation facilities for the targeted groups Under NBA. APL families not covered by the above incentives will take up construction of the household Latrines on their own through motivation. The IEC activities will provide comprehensive coverage to all the families in the GP without exceptions. APL families facing cash crunch may access the revolving fund as outlined in the guidelines. Construction of bucket latrines is not permitted in the rural areas. The existing bucket latrines, if any, should be converted to sanitary latrines and the sharing pattern for incentive for the targeted Beneficiaries shall be identical to that of construction of individual house hold latrines. Ministry of Rural Development notification Number S.O.l022 (E) dated  04.05.2012 regarding Convergence of TSC with MNREGS will be mutatis mutandis applicable for convergence with NBA. (e) Rural Sanitary Marts and Production Centers: The Rural Sanitary Mart is an outlet dealing with the materials, hardware and designs required for The construction of sanitary latrines, soakage and compost pits, vermi-composting, washing platforms, Certified domestic water filters and other sanitation hygiene accessories required. RSMs should Ensure that a variety of pans (ceramic, mosaic, HDP, fiberglass) are available for choice by the Beneficiaries. RSM should necessarily have those items, which are required as a part of the sanitation Package. It is a commercial venture with a social objective. The main aim of having a RSM is to provide Materials, services and guidance needed for constructing different types of latrines and other sanitary Facilities for a clean environment. Production Centers are the means to produce cost effective affordable Sanitary materials at the local level. They could be independent or part of the RSMs. The Production Centers/Rural Sanitary Marts could be opened and operated by SHGs / women Organizations/Panchayats/NGOs etc. Support of private entrepreneurs may also be taken for ensuring An effective supply chain. DWSM/DWSC should have a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the RSMs/PCs along with A system of joint monitoring evolved to ensure that the RSMs PCs are on track with production plans As per requirement. RSMs should have a method of quality certification of its products and a band of Trained masons and motivators. Quality standards (where notified by BIS or by MoDWS) for each of the items of purchase should Be strictly adhered to. An interest free loan up to Rs.3.5 lakh can be given for establishing RSM/PC out of revolving fund Available with the district. In case more RSMs are required, a maximum of up to Rs.35 Lakh from the Revolving Fund can be utilized for this purpose. Loans from the revolving fund for RSM/PC shall be Recovered in 12-18 instalments after one year from the date of receiving the  loan. (f) Provision of Revolving Fund in the District The revolving fund may be given to Cooperative Societies or Self Help Groups whose Creditworthiness is established, for providing cheap finance to their members. Loan from this fund Should be recovered in 12-18 instalments. NBA projects will have the flexibility to decide the other Terms and conditions for sanction of the revolving fund. This revolving fund can be accessed by APL Households not covered for incentives under the guidelines. Loan can also be given to the owner of the Household where Anganwadi centre is located for construction of baby friendly toilet provided the ICDS Authorities agree to refund the loan from the rent paid to the house owner. 5% of the District project Outlay subject to a sum of up to Rs.50 Lakh, can be used as revolving fund. The revolving fund is shared Between Centre and State on an 80:20 basis. (g) Community Sanitary Complex: Community Sanitary Complex is an integral component of the NBA. These Complexes, comprising An appropriate number of toilet seats, bathing cubicles, washing platforms, Wash basins etc., can be set Up in a place in the village acceptable and accessible to all. Ordinarily such complexes should be Constructed only when there is lack of space in the village for construction of household toilets and the Community owns up the responsibility of their operation and maintenance. The ultimate aim is to Ensure construction of maximum IHHLs and construction of community complexes will be restricted to Only when IHHLs cannot be constructed, for whatever reason, and also teach the community of â€Å"Hygiene practices†. The maintenance of such complexes is very essential for which Gram Panchayat Should own the ultimate responsibility. User families may be asked to contribute a reasonable monthly User charge for cleaning maintenance. The proposal for putting up CSC will be approved by the National Scheme Sanctioning Committee (NSSC). Such complexes can also be made at public places, Markets, etc. where large scale congregation of people takes place. Suitable maintenance guidelines May be adopted by the community to ensure proper maintenance of the complex. Maximum unit cost prescribed for a community sanitary complex is up to Rs.2 lakh. Sharing Pattern amongst Central Government, State Government and the community is in the ratio of 60:30:10. The community contribution, however, can be made by the Panchayat out of its own resources, from Grants of the Thirteenth Finance Commission or from any other fund of the State duly permitted by it. (h) Institutional Toilets: Children could be a good channel to influence parents to adopt proper sanitary habits. Children are More receptive to new ideas. Schools/Anganwadis are appropriate institutions for changing the Behaviour, mind-set and habits of children from open defecation to the use of lavatory through Motivation and education. School Toilets: Toilets in all types of Government Schools should be constructed. Emphasis should be given to Toilets for Girls in Schools. Toilet should provide access opportunity to children with special needs. A Toilet unit consists of a toilet and minimum of two urinals. Separate toilet units for girls and boys should Be provided in all co-educational schools, which are to be treated as two separate units and each unit is Entitled to Central assistance. The number of toilet units to be constructed should be adequate to meet The requirements of the school as per the strength of the students attending the school. State/UT Governments, Parent-Teachers Association and Panchayats are free to contribute from their own Resources over and above the prescribed amount. In addition to creation of hardware in the schools, it is essential that hygiene education is imparted To the children on all aspects of hygiene. For this purpose, at least one teacher in each school must be Trained in hygiene education who in turn should train the children through interesting activities and Community projects that emphasize hygiene behaviour. The expenditure for this purpose can be met From the IEC fund earmarked for the project. The district and Panchayat implementing agencies should Ensure  good coordination with Department of Education and Health other partners in order to fulfil The objective of SSHE i.e. to provide a safe, healthy learning environment to all children. The Central assistance per unit will be restricted to 70 percent for a unit cost of Rs.35,000 (Rs.38,500 in case of hilly and difficult areas). Funding for School Sanitation in a NBA Project is provided By the Central and State Government in the ratio of 70:30. Anganwadi Toilets: In order to in still the practice of using a toilet in children from very early stage in life, it is essential That Anganwadis are used as a platform of behaviour change for the children as well as the mothers. For This purpose, each Anganwadi should be provided with a baby friendly toilet. Since there are a large Number of Anganwadis operating from private premises, following strategy may be adopted: a) In all the Anganwadis, which are in Government buildings, baby friendly toilets should be Constructed from the NBA funds provided. b) In those Anganwadis, which are in private buildings, the owner must be asked to construct The toilet as per design, and, he/she may be allowed to charge enhanced rent for the Building to recover the cost of construction. c) Alternatively, the toilet may be constructed from revolving fund component under the NBA And, suitable deductions made from the monthly rental paid to the owner to recover the Cost over a period of time. Unit cost of a toilet shall be up to Rs.8,000 (Rs.10,000 in case of hilly and difficult areas) for each Anganwadi in the rural areas. Financial assistance to be given by Government of India will be restricted To Rs.5,600 (Rs.7,000 in case of hilly and difficult areas). Additional expenses can be met by the State Government, Panchayats or funds from Thirteenth Finance Commission, MPLADS, MLALADS, MNREGS Etc. Construction of Anganwadi toilets is to be prioritised in the 200 high focused districts to assist in Tackling the issue of malnutrition. All government buildings constructed with financial support of the Centre must have appropriate Sanitation facilities under the respective schemes as an integral component of the scheme. This is Considered essential to achieve the vision of ‘NIRMAL BHARAT’.

Nahua Philosophy :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It has been the goal of any society to try and begin to understand the nature of existence and the connection with an ultimate that humans feel. This searching is often human nature and leads different cultures around the world to describe the human problematic in many different ways. For the Nauha, a native Mexican tribe, the surface of the earth (tlalticpac) is slippery and narrow like a jagged path following mountain peeks. With a world view as such people having to walk along this dangerous path the look for ways to keep their balance and maintain their lives. The balance for the Nauha is discovered and maintained using their knowledge of Teotl: a single, dynamic, vivifying, self-generating and regenerating, self-transforming and reforming sacred energy force. Teotl is the trees and the wind and the river. It exists in both an independent state and an interconnected state simultaneously, thus making it complete reality for the Nauha. The nature of Teotl served as a model for Nauha sages to conceive their metaphysics, axiology, epistemology, praxis, and aesthetics. The sacred force gave them the wisdom to make choices that help them maintain the proper path. The world is filled with pain, sorrow, and suffering, but wisdom can teach you how to maintain equilibrium and reduce misfortune. This was not wisdom in the modern sense, but rather it was wisdom in making choices that kept you along the right path while walking the slippery slope of the world. The Nauha conception of balance carries also into their understanding of knowledge or epistemology. Neltiliztli is quickly translated into truth, but its definition would not be complete without well-grounded stability, and well rootedness. The Nauha believed that a person cognizes truly is and only if she/he cognizes well rooted. Teotl gives us insight into the truth, but it also is able to deceive us as well. The deception is not as a result of Teotl trying to hide fr om us, but rather it is our inability to see the true nature of Teotl that causes our misperception. With the Nauha concept of wisdom comes the ability to see Teotl in its true form and as a result knowledge is formed. This is very different from most conceptions of knowledge that center the true or false based on external contingencies rather than internal perception. However, with the nature of all things being Teotl then truth is all that exists.

Nymphs Reply to the Shepherd

The nymphs reply to the shepherd is a pastoral poem about how a nymph responded to the love being asked by a shepherd. This is in reference to an ideal world which the nymph requires for them to be able to love each other. All throughout the poem, the nymph’s response to the love being given by the shepherd was all about reject. She could have loved the shepherd, if only they’d be in a different situation that what they are in that time. It is a poem about hope, yet in the end, the shepherd would just lose hope, as the nymph requires a very ideal setting for their love to flourish. One aspect which was emphasized in this poem is the inevitability of change, with reference to aging and death. Here, the nymph tells the shepherd that their love could have been possible if it would be eternal, and would exist all throughout time. However, just like the fading of flowers, the fancy of spring and sorrow of fall, things between them would surely change. The shepherd would grow old whilst the nymph would remain young with nature. At the end of the poem, the nymph directly stated that if only youth could last and love would still breed, as well as joy would not fade and none of them will age, then the nymph could stay with the shepherd and be his love. The poem uses the iambic tetrameter, wherein each line contains four iambs or two syllables which are the units of rhythm. The first syllable of this unstressed while the second syllable is stressed. Instead of using metaphors, the poem uses similes to describe one thing or attribute it to another. This is effectively used to describe the constraints why the nymph could not love the shepherd back.

Sun Tracking Control Strategy Engineering Essay

It is good known that in theory, 41 % more sunshine is available by tracking the PV faculty to follow the day-to-day class of the Sun, comparative to fixed installings. The overall aim of this survey is to develop a control algorithm that improved public presentation and dependability the two-axis solar tracker. To accomplish this end, this survey dressed ore on optimising the LM3S811 based accountant board, thrust hardware and package. Keywords: embedded system design, two-axis Sun trailing, control algorithm.A ±ntroductA ±onSolar energy systems and equipment such as PV and twenty-four hours illuming systems, solar aggregators, and solar-powered heat engines work best when their aggregators aim straight at the Sun. Adding a solar tracker to these systems increases their efficiencies at the disbursal of initial and operational costs and system complexness. It has been estimated that the usage of a trailing system, over a fixed system, can increase the power end product by 20 % – 40 % with cost addition 10 % -30 % [ 1-3 ] . Since the Sun ‘s place in the sky alterations with the seasons and the clip of twenty-four hours, tracker is used to aline the aggregation system to maximise energy production. Several factors must be considered when finding the usage of trackers. Some of these include: the solar engineering being used, the sum of direct solar irradiation, feed-in duties in the part where the system is deployed, and the cost to put in and keep the trackers. Concentrated applications like concentrated photovoltaic panels ( CPV ) or concentrated solar power ( CSP ) require a high grade of truth to guarantee the sunshine is directed exactly at the focal point of the reflector or lens. The two basic classs of trackers are individual axis and double axis. Single axis solar trackers can either hold a horizontal or a perpendicular axis. In concentrated solar power applications, individual axis tracker is used with parabolic and additive Fresnel mirror designs. Dual axis solar trackers have both a horizontal and a perpendicular axis leting them to track the Sun ‘s evident gesture virtually anyplace in the universe This paper presents a control scheme for a two axes solar tracker that is executed in an ARM based Stellaris L3S811 microcontroller. Correct sun place is inferred from the GPS. The proposed control scheme consists of a combination between ; an unfastened cringle tracking scheme, and a closed cringle scheme. The overall aim of this survey is to develop a control algorithm that improves public presentation and dependability the two-axis Sun tracker. To accomplish this end, this survey concentrates on optimising the accountant board, thrust hardware and package.Two-axA ±s Sun trackerThe Sun ‘s beams can be decomposed into two constituents, one perpendicular to the panel surface, and the other analogue to the surface, where merely the former radiation can be received by the panel. Therefore, the angle between the Sun ‘s beams and the normal of the panel which is called the incident angle should be every bit little as possible. Incidence angle alterations with the diurnal an d seasonal fluctuations. Therefore, the fixed-installed solar aggregators can non to the full absorb the solar radiation energy. If at any clip by automatically tracking solar aggregators, panel place can be adjusted harmonizing to the Sun ‘s flight to cut down the incidence angle ; it will be able to absorb more solar radiation energy than the fixed panels in the same irradiation conditions. The panel of dual-axis Sun tracking system rotates around the two reciprocally perpendicular shafts, AZ shaft and lift shaft, shown in Fig 1. It will track the Sun ‘s AZ angle and lift angle, so that the panel can accomplish incident angle of 0. Two methods are normally used in solar trailing to place and follow the place of the Sun at any blink of an eye of clip between dawn and sundown: the closed cringle control method and the unfastened cringle control method. The closed cringle control method uses several feedback detectors such as LDR, photodiode, light-intensity detectors, mention cells and a signal processing circuit [ 4-6 ] . The signal processing circuit compares the end product signals of the detectors and operates on a feedback cringle with the coveted signal status. The end of the cringle is to bring forth maximal entire mistake signal from detectors by continuously seting the tracker way until the shadow on the detectors is the lower limit. A drawback of the closed cringle control method is that it can non efficaciously track the Sun on a cloudy twenty-four hours without a robust algorithm. Fig. -Structure of the two-axis Sun tracker. The unfastened cringle control method uses the longitude and latitude informations of the solar tracker location to find and track the place of the Sun [ 7, 8 ] . It has the advantages of easy scheduling and high truth. The system is simpler and cheaper than the closed-loop type of Sun tracking systems [ 9 ] . It does non detect the end product of the procedures that it is commanding. However, a fixed get downing way of the tracker at dawn every twenty-four hours is required in this method. Therefore, the get downing way of the tracker must be corrected from clip to clip. Consequently, an open-loop system can non rectify any mistakes so that it could do and may non counterbalance for perturbations in the system.Specifying Elevation and Azimuth AnglesThe algorithm for Sun trailing uses the solar lift, i? ±e and azimuth, i? ±A angles computed at the solar tracker location. The tracker must be aligned horizontally to find the lift and AZ angles accurately along with the hr and decli ne angles with regard to the heavenly equator or plane as depicted in Fig.1. Solar lift, i? ±e is the angle between the skyline and the line linking the beginning and the Sun that is, the complement of the zenith angle. Solar AZ, i? ±A is the angular supplanting of the projection of the line to the Sun onto the horizontal plane from the south axis. The solar lift angle, i? ±e, of the orientation system in the perpendicular plane, ?e, can be calculated as follows [ 9 ] sini? ±e=sini? ¤ sini? ¦ +cosi? ¤ cosi? ¦ cosi? · ( 1 ) Where e is the lift angle of the system i? ¦ is the latitude. is the hr angle ( 15 & A ; deg ; / hr ) , where ? = 0 at local midday. is the solar decline, where ? is calculated from Cooper ‘s equation, ( 2 ) N is the twenty-four hours of the twelvemonth ( 1 – 365 ) with N = 1 stand foring the 1st of January. Fig. – The relation between lift and zenith angles. The azimuth angle of the system in the horizontal plane, ?A, is calculated as [ 9 ] . ( 3 ) The solar trailing system normally returns to its initial remainder place after sundown, and starts to track the Sun after the Sun rises above the skyline. The dawn and sunset times can be calculated utilizing [ 13 ] for system location.DesA ±gn and application3.1. Mechanical DesignThe panels ‘ support construction was designed with two grades of freedom in order to change the disposition and orientation. Besides, the construct of the panel ‘s support every bit good as the system that allows this support to go around around the two axes was developed. The tracker is composed of a fixed base which is straight on the land, holding a mechanism that connects the base to the back uping construction of the panels. This mechanism consists of two parts, which have a grade of freedom ( from each other ) in two axes. For altering the disposition of the construction, extra linear actuator is mounted to the solar tracker control system. Linear actuators are highly precise by design, particularly when compared to pneumatic and hydraulic solutions. Screw based mechanical additive actuators allow to progress or withdraw the motivation rod by highly little increases, which is required for the exact placement of solar tracker. Electric additive actuator consumes highly low electricity and are available in 12 Volts d.c. it can be powered by the solar panel itself supported by a battery. Linear actuators can be remarkably little, particularly when sing the scope of gesture that is required for traveling the Sun tracker. Photograph of the mechanical construction is shown in Fig. 3. Fig. – Mechanical construction of the Sun tracker.3.2. Hardware DesignThe hardware design combines the embedded microcontroller with two DC motor drivers, rotational DC motor, DC motor controlled additive actuator, solar rotary motion mechanism, GPS, pyranometer, wind gauge, tilt switches and MEMBS based inclinometer. A general block diagram of the control system is shown in Fig. 4. Global placement system ( GPS ) is connected to the microcontroller via a standard consecutive RS-232 port. GPS sends to the microcontroller sentences, that contains a twine of characters, continuously. These sentences chiefly include longitude, latitude, height, day of the month and clip for location where GPS is placed. Since microcontroller has the existent clip clock circuitry, it is moderately accurate over short periods, but it needs standardization sporadically. As a consequence, the GPS clock signal is used to update the microcontroller ‘s internal clip sporadically and therefore effects of the long term mistakes are eliminated. As portion of the attempt to better solar tracker dependability and better understanding public presentation, a pyranometer is being added to solar tracker. This pyranometer allows the informations acquisition system to mensurate exactly the irradiance witnessed by the PV faculties on that tracker, and therefore better supervise the impact of the tracking algorithm on the energy end product of the system. Solar tracker steps tilt angle with potentiometer that has long-run dependability job. A higher dependability option is a solid-state inclinometer. It has three chief advantages ; inherently higher dependability, higher declaration less than 0.1 & A ; deg ; , direct measuring of angle. In this undertaking, micro electromechanical systems based on electronic inclinometer ADXL345 is used [ 11 ] . Digital end product informations is formatted as 16-bit two ‘s complement and is accessible through either a SPI ( 3- or 4-wire ) or I2C digital interface The inclinometer would typically be mounted straight underneath a tracker ‘s plane, from where the disposition can be measured. Fig. – Sun Tracker control system block diagram. The solar tracker is fitted with bound switches to guarantee robust operation. A micro roller switch mounted on the base of the solar tracker prevents multiple revolution completion of the AZ tracking phase. The solar aggregator besides includes two more bound switches on the zenith tracking phase to forestall over travel harm to the additive actuator mechanism. The initial reset balance usage tilt switches. The mechanism include four tilt switches ( E, West, south and north ) To protect tracker constituents from over air current velocity, system besides requires an wind gauge to mensurate wind velocity. Consequently, we need powerful and cost-efficient microcontroller to link all these parts and manage to track the Sun. It must hold two consecutive port, ( UART ) one for communicate computing machine the other 1 for GPS, two PWM signals for motor A and motor B, one I2C port for solid-state inclinometer, hardware counter input for wind gauge, parallel input for pyranometer, at least four digital inputs for tilt switches. In add-on, these characteristics we need package development tools for microcontroller. Sing the computation of the mentioned before, 32-Bit Stellaris microprocessor LM3S811 which is optimized for small-footprint embedded applications, fits best to the Sun tracker system. TI Stellaris LM3S811 microcontroller has a Reduced Instruction Set Coding ( RISC ) ARM nucleus, internal oscillators, timers, UART, USB, SPI, pull-up resistances, PWM, ADC, parallel comparator and watch-dog timers are some of the characteristics [ 10 ] .Software DesignThe developed Sun tracking algorithm enables high-precision finding of Sun angles and times for dawn, solar midday and sunset year-round. The flow chart of the algorithm is drawn in Fig. 5. The computation of the Sun angles with the Sun tracking algorithm package merely requires the specification of the day of the month, clip and exact longitude, latitude and lift of the location through a GPS system. Fig. – Flow chart of Sun tracking algorithm. The algorithm we developed for the control of the Sun tracker is composed of two chief subdivisions. In the input subdivision, the solar lift and AZ angles every bit good as dawn, sundown, solar midday and present solar times are calculated harmonizing to subdivision 2 and used as shared variables in other parts of the package. When the system starts, Stellaris foremost sets tracker to the place place and so takes GPS information to cipher the Sun set and rise times. The present solar clip is compared with the dawn and sunset times to find whether tracking should get down or halt. At dark clip, it waits following sample clip. Sample clip period may be defined harmonizing to proficient restraints. First restraint is GPS hot start clip that is 1 second for GPS. It can non be shorter than this value. The other restraint is the energy consumed by motor A and B during one tracking measure. We set sample clip to 2 minute during experimental work. The present solar clip between dawn and sun set clip ‘s Stellaris reads pyronometer value to look into if there is adequate solar radiation to bring forth power. Otherwise, Sun tracker stays at place place until solar radiation rise to lower bound of solar radiation. After solar radiation reaches the coveted value, so algorithm reads anemometer value to specify whether the Sun tracker can travel safely. If non, Sun tracker stays at place place at least during one sample clip. Otherwise, it starts tracking the Sun. In the end product subdivision of the algorithm, the package takes azimuth, ?A, and lift, ?e, angles from shared variables and converts them to drive gesture. The deliberate angles ?e, ?A, are so subtracted from the old place values. Harmonizing to the obtained angle difference and their marks, microcontroller sends PWM and way signals to the motor accountants. Motor A and motor B takes solar panel to the new place. Motor A can drive solar panels to turn in the horizontal plane in order to track the alterations in AZ angle ; its positive place is westbound. Similarly, motor B can drive solar panels to turn in the manner of fliping so as to track the alterations of solar lift angle ; its positive way is downward. At the terminal of tracking, the place of mechanisms demands to be defined. The electronic inclinometer ADXL345 sends x, Y, omega axis values to the Stellaris. This digital axis values are converted to angles by the microcontroller. By comparing the mensural angles with deliberate angles, the two motors take different motions to complete come up to the coveted place of the solar panel. Finally, when this twenty-four hours is over, the system backs to the place place to wait for the following twenty-four hours.ResultS and dA ±scussA ±onSun tracker was tested both in the research lab and out-of-doorss utilizing SM-55 solar panel [ 12 ] . During the out-of-door trial, the Sun tracking s ystem was moved to outside of a edifice so that we could compare the consequences between fixed place and two-axis Sun tracking systems. During a 24-hour test period, the two-axis solar tracker was required to run for about 2 proceedingss every hr to keep proper alliance with the Sun. Fig. – Outdoor trial consequences of sun tracker. During the trial procedure, solar panel charged to the battery, and solar panel current and electromotive force values were measured and stored every minute utilizing a information lumberman. End of the twenty-four hours, the solar panel, charged the battery up to 408.2 Watt-hour energy for about 11 hours. The recorded information on the twenty-four hours 5.5.2012 proved that the two-axis solar tracking PV panel produced more energy than the fixed 1 with about 40.7 % .ConclusA ±onIn this survey, a cost effectual two-axis Sun tracker has been developed. The ARM Cortex-M3 nucleus microprocessor successfully calculated the tilt angle of the solar panel in order to look into the accurate Sun lift angle. The placement technique, which has been investigated by the DC motor and additive actuator, reduced the mistake in turn uping the lift AZ angles to 0.1 & A ; deg ; . The proposed tracker has increased the energy collected by 40.7 % .